1,374 research outputs found
Imaging Ferroelectric Domains via Charge Gradient Microscopy Enhanced by Principal Component Analysis
Local domain structures of ferroelectrics have been studied extensively using
various modes of scanning probes at the nanoscale, including piezoresponse
force microscopy (PFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), though none of
these techniques measure the polarization directly, and the fast formation
kinetics of domains and screening charges cannot be captured by these
quasi-static measurements. In this study, we used charge gradient microscopy
(CGM) to image ferroelectric domains of lithium niobate based on current
measured during fast scanning, and applied principal component analysis (PCA)
to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of noisy raw data. We found that the CGM
signal increases linearly with the scan speed while decreases with the
temperature under power-law, consistent with proposed imaging mechanisms of
scraping and refilling of surface charges within domains, and polarization
change across domain wall. We then, based on CGM mappings, estimated the
spontaneous polarization and the density of surface charges with order of
magnitude agreement with literature data. The study demonstrates that PCA is a
powerful method in imaging analysis of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with
which quantitative analysis of noisy raw data becomes possible
E-bank services : analyzing the effect of e-bank service on e-trust with e-security approach
This study examined the effect of E-bank service on E-Trust with E-Security approach. So this research discusses the issue based on Theoretical frame work of marketing and E-Banking. Then a questionnaire was designed to evaluate the variables and finally with certainty of Reliability and Validity of evaluation device, was administered among 260 customers of Iran Melli Bank. Results of the research model show that E-bank service affects E-trust on the whole. It was also revealed that each component of E-Banking affects E-trust; consequently the research hypotheses were confirmed. In the end, this research introduces ways for designing e-banking service from the point of view of security that can help banks with security and e-banking and consequently costumer orientation.peer-reviewe
All or Nothing at All
We continue a study of unconditionally secure all-or-nothing transforms
(AONT) begun in \cite{St}. An AONT is a bijective mapping that constructs s
outputs from s inputs. We consider the security of t inputs, when s-t outputs
are known. Previous work concerned the case t=1; here we consider the problem
for general t, focussing on the case t=2. We investigate constructions of
binary matrices for which the desired properties hold with the maximum
probability. Upper bounds on these probabilities are obtained via a quadratic
programming approach, while lower bounds can be obtained from combinatorial
constructions based on symmetric BIBDs and cyclotomy. We also report some
results on exhaustive searches and random constructions for small values of s.Comment: 23 page
Non-linear response to electric field in extended Hubbard models
The electric-field response of a one-dimensional ring of interacting
fermions, where the interactions are described by the extended Hubbard model,
is investigated. By using an accurate real-time propagation scheme based on the
Chebyshev expansion of the evolution operator, we uncover various non-linear
regimes for a range of interaction parameters that allows modeling of metallic
and insulating (either charge density wave or spin density wave insulators)
rings. The metallic regime appears at the phase boundary between the two
insulating phases and provides the opportunity to describe either weakly or
strongly correlated metals. We find that the {\it fidelity susceptibility} of
the ground state as a function of magnetic flux piercing the ring provides a
very good measure of the short-time response. Even completely different
interacting regimes behave in a similar manner at short time-scales as long as
the fidelity susceptibility is the same. Depending on the strength of the
electric field we find various types of responses: persistent currents in the
insulating regime, dissipative regime or damped Bloch-like oscillations with
varying frequencies or even irregular in nature. Furthermore, we also consider
the dimerization of the ring and describe the response of a correlated band
insulator. In this case the distribution of the energy levels is more clustered
and the Bloch-like oscillations become even more irregular
Field effect on surface states in a doped Mott-Insulator thin film
Surface effects of a doped thin film made of a strongly correlated material
are investigated both in the absence and presence of a perpendicular electric
field. We use an inhomogeneous Gutzwiller approximation for a single band
Hubbard model in order to describe correlation effects. For low doping, the
bulk value of the quasiparticle weight is recovered exponentially deep into the
slab, but with increasing doping, additional Friedel oscillations appear near
the surface. We show that the inverse correlation length has a power-law
dependence on the doping level. In the presence of an electrical field,
considerable changes in the quasiparticle weight can be realized throughout the
system. We observe a large difference (as large as five orders of magnitude) in
the quasiparticle weight near the opposite sides of the slab. This effect can
be significant in switching devices that use the surface states for transport
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