Расчёты формирования снежного покрова на основе модели взаимодействия поверхности суши с атмосферой SWAP

In framework of the project «The Earth system Models – Snow Models Intercomparison Project» (ESMSnowMIP), calculations of snow storages were carried out on ten experimental sites organized for longterm monitoring of the snow cover variability in various regions of the globe. The calculation method is based on the physical and mathematical description of heat and moisture exchange processes occurring within the system «ground water – soil – vegetation cover/snow cover – surface layer of the atmosphere», and it is implemented in the form of the model of interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere (SWAP). The model was developed at the Institute of water problems (IWP) of Russian Academy of Sciences. The model makes possible to calculate components of water and heat balances and different characteristics of the hydrological regime of terrestrial ecosystems and river basins having different spatial scales and located in different natural conditions. Good quality of reproduction of the snow storages variability on all considered sites is reached that allows consideration of the SWAP model as one of the best models of the snow cover formation. Thus, the SWAP model has a sufficiently optimal degree of complexity of the algorithm for reproducing the dynamics of snow cover, which is necessary and sufficient in global and regional hydrological models describing formation of the water balance of the land in the cold regions of the planet, and can be used to create scenario forecasts of snow dynamics (as the important part of the cryosphere). This conclusion is verified by the results of using the SWAP model to reproduce long-term variability of snow storages in basins of the River Lena and the River Ob (with its tributary Irtysh) which are the two largest rivers of the Russian Federation. The calculated and measured characteristics of snow cover dynamics for these basins are shown to be in good agreement.Расчёты снегозапасов на десяти экспериментальных площадках в разных районах земного шара показали, что модель SWAP входит в число лучших мировых моделей формирования снежного покрова. Расчёты по этой модели многолетней динамики снегозапасов в бассейнах рек Лены и Оби (с её притоком р. Иртыш) подтвердили вывод о способности модели SWAP адекватно воспроизводить формирование снегозапасов в крупных речных бассейнах.

Оценки современных изменений снегозапасов в бассейне Северной Двины по данным наблюдений и моделирования

The variability of snow accumulation in the Northern Dvina River basin at the end of March 1980-2016 was studied using data on the snow water equivalent of (SWE) obtained from archives of the Russian Institute of HydroMeteorological Information-World Data Center (RIHMI-WCD) as well as calculated by models of the local heat and moisture exchange SWAP and SPONSOR using the WATCH reanalysis (WFDEI) as input data. A possibility to use the SWE data from these sources to describe long-term variability of the SWE values, including trend, high-frequency component, quasi-decadal fluctuations, and spatial distribution, is evaluated. When describing the structure of the SWE variability, in particular, the contribution of trend and quasi-decadal fluctuations, as well as spatial characteristics, uncertainty remains associated with both the capabilities of the models under consideration and the imperfection of the observation network (insufficient density, measurement errors, etc.). Taking into account these uncertainties, the following conclusions can be made: the SWE variability in the Northern Dvina basin at the end of March has a low-frequency component (trend), as well as high-frequency, two- and five-year quasi-periodicities and quasi-decadal fluctuations. Long-lasting SWE anomalies in 1989–1995 and 1999–2005 and the absolute minimum in 1996 associated with quasi-decadal fluctuations are almost synchronously reflected in spring runoff anomalies. The informativeness of the considered data was also investigated from the point of view of the influence of SWE on the anomalies of the spring runoff of the Northern Dvina. The results of regression estimates and calculations of predictive values point to the advantage of the model SWE data for describing anomalies of spring river discharge compared to observations, which is primarily due to the high resolution of the model data. All the considered data sources indicate a long period of SWE deficits, starting from 2005 – 15-20%. Estimates of trend parameters are in a wide range. Depending on the data source, the rate of the SWE decrease over the basin, can vary from 4 mm per 10 years according to observations and up to 10 mm per 10 years according to calculations using the SPONSOR model.Изменчивость снегозапасов в бассейне р. Северная Двина (1980–2016 гг.) исследуется на основе данных о водном эквиваленте снега (ВЭС), полученных из станционных наблюдений и в результате расчётов на моделях тепло- и влагообмена. Обсуждаются оценки параметров тренда и вклада высокочастотных и квазидесятилетних колебаний, а также особенности пространственного распределения изменчивости ВЭС, полученные по сведениям из разных источников. В качестве критерия информативности наблюдений и модельных расчётов рассматриваются оценки вклада изменчивости ВЭС в конце марта в аномалии весеннего стока

Optimization of intravascular volume determination in patients with acute decompensated heart failure

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is based on multilevel pathological pathways, which include hemodynamic overload and venous stasis. Determination of the volemic status is one of the most important tasks in managing such patients. Despite the availability of modern diagnostic markers (physical examination, chest x-ray, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) assessment), they do not accurately assess the degree of fluid overload, and therefore there remains a need to find a new, accurate and simple technology for assessing pulmonary congestion. The urgency of this problem has led to the development of a novel non-invasive remote dielectric sensing (ReDS) technology, which is a quantitative method for measuring the total volume of lung fluid by determining the tissue dielectric properties. The use of this technology makes it possible to quickly, non-invasively and quantitatively measure the fluid content in the lungs, makes it possible to optimize the treatment regimen and reduces the number of readmissions. This article presents the results of studies on the efficacy, safety and prospects for using a ReDS technology for the quantitative measurement of total lung fluid in patients with ADHF

Клеточные реакции в легких при обострении хронических заболеваний органов дыхания

A comparative cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been performed in 93 patients with exacerbations of chronic specific and nonspecific lung diseases. We evaluated BALF cell contents, spontaneous and prodigiozan-stimulated NBT reduction due to the alveolar macrophages activity. We also analyzed a correlation between NBT-test results and neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil amounts. It was found that there were twice less cells in BALF from tuberculosis patients compared with those of chronic nonspecific lung diseases patients. In patients with nonspecific lung parenchyma lesion one third of alveolar macrophage population reduced NBT, but additional stimulation with prodigiozan activated almost all the cells. In infiltrative tuberculosis patients the alveolar macrophages were not sensitive to an additional stimulus. A positive correlation was found between the functional activity of the alveolar macrophages and the amount of different types of BALF leucocytes. The alveolar macrophages’ ability to produce oxygen reactive metabolites caused the neutrophiles accumulation in airways of chronic bronchitis and fibrocavernous tuberculosis patients. A positive correlation between NBT-test results and lymphocytes amount was found in nonspecific chronic lung diseases patients but not in tuberculosis ones.Проводили сравнительное исследование бронхоальвеолярной лаважной жидкости (БАЛ) у 93 больных с обострением неспецифических и специфических хронических заболеваний легких. Оценивали клеточный состав БАЛ, функциональную активность альвеолярных макрофагов по восстановлению НОТ до и после стимуляции продигиозаном (липополисахарид S. marcescens), проводили корреляционный анализ с целью выяснения связей между показателями НСТ-теста и численностью нейтрофилов, лимфоцитов и эозинофилов. В БАЛ больных с обострением туберкулеза обнаруживалось почти вдвое меньше клеток, чем при обострении хронического бронхита и хронической пневмонии. При неспецифическом поражении паренхимы легких третья часть популяции аМф восстанавливала нитросиний тетразолий, а после дополнительной стимуляции продигиозаном активизировались почти все клетки. При инфильтративном туберкулезе аМф оказались не чувствительны к продигиозану. Между функциональным состоянием популяции аМф и численностью различных типов лейкоцитов в БАЛ выявлены положительные корреляционные взаимосвязи. От способности аМф продуцировать реактивные метаболиты кислорода напрямую зависело накопление Нф в дыхательных путях больных хроническим бронхитом и фиброзно-кавернозным туберкулезом. У больных с обострением ХНЗЛ между показателями функциональной активности аМф и численностью лимфоцитов имелась положительная взаимосвязь, тогда как у больных туберкулезом её обнаружить не удавалось

НОВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ СОЗДАНИЯ ЭКРАНОВ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫХ ПОРОШКОВЫХ, НАНОСТРУКТУРИРОВАННЫХ И ПЛЕНОЧНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

The main research results obtained in 2014-2018 in the direction «Materials, elements and devices of electronic equipment» are presented.Представлены основные результаты исследований, полученные в 2014-2018 гг. в ходе выполнения научно-исследовательских работ по направлению «Материалы, элементы и устройства электронной техники»

Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): Overview and Summary of the Second and Third Workshop Results

Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) is an international project aimed to develop enhanced techniques for the a priori estimation of parameters in hydrologic models and in land surface parameterization schemes of atmospheric models. MOPEX science strategy involves three major steps: data preparation, a priori parameter estimation methodology development, and demonstration of parameter transferability. A comprehensive MOPEX database has been developed that contains historical hydrometeorological data and land surface characteristics data for many hydrologic basins in the United States and in other countries. This database is continuing to be expanded to include more basins in all parts of the world. A number of international MOPEX workshops have been convened to bring together interested hydrologists and land surface modelers from all over world to exchange knowledge and experience in developing a priori parameter estimation techniques. This paper describes the results from the second and third MOPEX workshops. The specific objective of those workshops is to examine the state of a priori parameter estimation techniques and how they can be potentially improved with observations from well-monitored hydrologic basins. Participants of these MOPEX workshops were given data for 12 basins in the Southeastern United States and were asked to carry out a series of numerical experiments using a priori parameters as well as calibrated parameters developed for their respective hydrologic models. Eight different models have carried all out the required numerical experiments and the results from those models have been assembled for analysis in this paper. This paper presents an overview of the MOPEX experiment design. The experimental results are analyzed and the important lessons from the two workshops are discussed. Finally, a discussion of further work and future strategy is given

2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Myocarditis in adults

Russian Society of Cardiology (RSC)With the participation: Eurasian Association of Therapists (EUAT), Society of Specialists in Heart Failure (OSSN), Russian Scientific Medical Society of Therapists (RNMOT), Russian Society of Pathologists, Russian Society of Radiologists and Radiologists (RSR)Endorsed by: Research and Practical Council of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federatio

Диагностическая ценность прокальцитонина и С-реактивного белка при врожденных инфекциях у детей с экстремально низкой и очень низкой массой тела при рождении

The high frequency of infectious complications in the early neonatal period of adaptation in infants with extremely low (ELBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) attracts particular attention. The aim of our study was to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in congenital pneumonia and congenital sepsis in newborn infants with extremely low and very low birth weight.Methods. In 160 preterm newborns that were included in our prospective study, 33 had early neonatal sepsis, 42 children had congenital pneumonia, and 85 infants were without neonatal infection. A comprehensive clinical and laboratoryinstrumental examination of the newborn was done, including determining the concentration of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin at the age of 48–72 hours of life. Results. Low sensitivity of CRP at the age of 48–72 hours of life in congenital sepsis and congenital pneumonia was observed. However, under these pathological conditions CRP and PCT are characterized by high specificity. It should also be noted that PCT has a high sensitivity in children with congenital sepsis aged 48–72 hours. Moreover, PCT also has a high specificity (Sp 80,6%), which determines its advantage in the use of sepsis diagnosis in extremely premature infants compared to CRP.Conclusion. Maximum specificity reaches 100%, co-located with the assessment of CRP and PCT, which determines the feasibility of using this combination for verification of congenital infectious conditions such as sepsis and pneumonia in children ELBW and VLBW aged 48–72 hours.Актуальность. Высокая частота инфекционных осложнений в раннем неонатальном периоде у новорожденных с экстремально низкой (ЭНМТ) и очень низкой массой тела (ОНМТ) при рождении обусловливает необходимость ранней диагностики для уменьшения количества осложнений. Цель: оценка чувствительности и специфичности С-реактивного белка (СРБ) и прокальцитонина (ПКТ) при врожденной пневмонии и врожденном сепсисе у новорожденных детей с ЭНМТ и ОНМТ. Пациенты и методы. В проспективное когортное исследование включено 160 новорожденных с ЭНМТ и ОНМТ, из них 33 с врожденным сепсисом, 42 с врожденной пневмонией, 85 с основным диагнозом респираторного дистресс-синдрома. В первые 48–72 ч жизни новорожденным проводилось комплексное клиническое и лабораторно-инструментальное обследование, включающее определение концентрации СРБ и ПКТ.Результаты. Отмечена невысокая чувствительность СРБ в первые 48–72 ч жизни при врожденном сепсисе и врожденной пневмонии. Однако, при данных патологических состояниях и СРБ, и ПКТ характеризуются высокой специфичностью. Следует также отметить, что ПКТ обладает высокой чувствительностью в первые 48–72 ч жизни у детей с врожденным сепсисом. Кроме того, данный показатель имеет также высокую специфичность (80,6%), что определяет преимущество его изолированного использования по сравнению с СРБ при диагностике врожденного сепсиса у глубоконедоношенных детей. Заключение. Максимальная специфичность, достигающая 100%, выявлена при сочетанной оценке СРБ и ПКТ, что определяет целесообразность использования данной комбинации для верификации таких врожденных инфекционных состояний, как сепсис и пневмония, у детей с ЭНМТ и ОНМТ в возрасте 48–72 ч