ROLE OF AGILITY AND DYNAMIC BALANCE IN PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY FOOTBALL PLAYERS OF PAKISTAN

The aim of the present study is to measure and highlight the role of agility and dynamic balance in performance of university football players. The sample size (n-250) of football players was randomly selected from universities of district Faisalabad. The age group of subjects was ranged between 17 to 27 years. Data was collected from two diverse scales such as Illinois Agility Test for agility and Bass Test for dynamic balance. Descriptive statistics (Mean and standard deviation) and inferential analysis (chi-squire and t-test) were employed as statistical approaches. The agility test scores revealed that overall universities football players were below the required standards such as approximately 70% of athletes failed to reach satisfactory scores. Findings indicated that the balance and agility among gender revealed significant differences. Results revealed that females attained more agility than males. The balance results exposed that overall university football players were found above average and satisfactory to reach their required level of balance. The findings overall concluded that with agility and dynamic balance, university football players may be competed at their best in national as well as international level competitions

ROLE OF AGILITY AND DYNAMIC BALANCE IN PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY FOOTBALL PLAYERS OF PAKISTAN

The aim of the present study is to measure and highlight the role of agility and dynamic balance in performance of university football players. The sample size (n-250) of football players was randomly selected from universities of district Faisalabad. The age group of subjects was ranged between 17 to 27 years. Data was collected from two diverse scales such as Illinois Agility Test for agility and Bass Test for dynamic balance. Descriptive statistics (Mean and standard deviation) and inferential analysis (chi-squire and t-test) were employed as statistical approaches. The agility test scores revealed that overall universities football players were below the required standards such as approximately 70% of athletes failed to reach satisfactory scores. Findings indicated that the balance and agility among gender revealed significant differences. Results revealed that females attained more agility than males. The balance results exposed that overall university football players were found above average and satisfactory to reach their required level of balance. The findings overall concluded that with agility and dynamic balance, university football players may be competed at their best in national as well as international level competitions

INVOLVEMENT OF MUSLIM ORGANIZATIONS IN EDUCATIONAL AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA

Background: The primary aim of the current research was to explore the involvements of Muslim organizations in Nigeria particularly in the field of education and sports. The major problem was addressed that how much Muslim organizations working in Nigeria were contributing to education and provision of sports activities. Methods: This research employed a qualitative method. The eleven participants being administrative members of two organizations were declared as sample size. The tool used in the existing research contains interviews and documents analyses. Descriptive statistics and NVivo-10 both were employed to analyze the collected information as statistical approach. Results: Results of two Muslim organizations (Jama’atu Nasir Islam and NASFAT) showed which have made reliable and significant most especially in the field of education and sports. The existing study indicated that one of two organizations portrayed more quality activities of education and sports than the other. Conclusion: In summary, results of the research revealed that both Islamic organizations were aimed to uplift life standards of the community in Nigeria via promoting education and sports activities. These two of the organizations agreed to promote education and sports activities through building of new schools, converts to the religion of Islam, Financial assistance to needy, propagation of sports facilities, building of sports arenas, and Promotion of sports activities at grassroots level

LEADERSHIP STYLE DISCOVERY IN PERFORMANCE COACHING WITHIN SOCIAL CONTEXT

Background: The purpose of the existing research was to examine the relationships of leadership styles, coaching strategies, and social support with sport achievements of players. Methods: The study was used a correlation design. The population of the research was consisted of 830 female players of Islamia university of Bahawalpur and Government College University Faisalabad. The data was collected through survey questionnaires with sample size of 240 respondents. Adopted and modified questionnaires were employed with the permission of parent authors. Various statistical techniques were utilized on collected data for the purpose of data analyses. The descriptive statistics was used to measure the demographic information through mean, standard deviation, and percentages, whereas, Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were employed to test the hypotheses. Results: The leadership styles, coaching strategies, and social support as predictors factors significantly influenced on the sport achievements of players. The findings revealed positive and highly significant relationships of leadership styles (autocratic and democratic), coaching strategies (social support and positive feedback), social support (parents, siblings, peers and sport teachers) with sport performance of players. Conclusion: Therefore, social support is also needed to players by their parents, siblings, peers, and sports teachers not only to get sport achievements but also for their appreciations either on their elite or worst performance. The implication of the existing research suggested that coaches as leaders should prepare the athletes utilizing their expertise and boost them with their coaching strategies as well to gain their achievement level best in sports

The Effect of Bio, Organic and Mineral Fertilizations on the Activity of the Urease, L-Glutaminase and L-Aspartase Enzymes in the Soil

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the application of various sources of fertilizers on the activity of urease, L-glutaminase, and L-aspartase enzymes in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Pots experiment was carried out in the wire canopy in one of the fields affiliated to the Faculty of Agriculture - the University of Qadisiyah for the summer season 2018 in soil with a silty loam texture. Seeds of mung bean crops were cultivated of a local variety (Khedrawi). The treatments of the study were two levels of nitrogenous mineral fertilizer (urea) (M1 and M2) (20 and 40) kg.N.h-1, respectively, a single level of organic fertilizer (poultry waste) (10 tons h-1), a single level of bio-fertilizer with Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, the control, and their interactions. The experiment was carried out according to Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D) with six replications. Means were compared according to the (L.S.D) test at the probability level (α=0.05(. The efficiency of urase, L-clotamene, and L-aspartase in the soil of the root zoon and bulk soil were estimated for all study parameters 30 days after planting. These measurements were done once again for some characteristics of vegetative and root growth after 60 days of planting. The bio-fertilizer treatment (B) resulted in the highest increase in the efficiency of the urease enzyme and L-aspartase for 30 days of cultivation compared to the control treatment that recorded the least value of the enzyme activity average (45.22 and 42.54) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and bulk soils. These values were increased after 60 days of cultivation (45.34 and 43.16) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and bulk soils. This treatment achieves the highest increase in the activity of L-enzymes (25.89 and 24.72) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the region of the rhizosphere and beyond. It increased after 60 days of cultivation (26.23 and 25.06) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the region of the rhizosphere and bulk soils. The treatment of poultry wastes (O) resulted in the highest increase in the value of the activity of the L-clotamines enzyme in the rhizosphere and bulk soils for a period of 30 days from planting (43.47 and 57.39) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. Its activity values then increased after 60 days of cultivation, reaching (44.33 and 40.43) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. The overlap treatment between poultry residues and biofertilizers (OB) achieved the highest increase in the activity value for the urase enzyme, L-clotamines and L-aspartase in root zoon soil and distant soil for 30 days of cultivation (54.47, 46.84 and 28.28 µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and (49.14, 37.81 and 23.94) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. The activity of enzymes then increased after 60 days of cultivation (54.56, 47.69 and 28.62) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere (49.23, 38.67 and 24.18) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the bulk soil. The combination treatments between poultry residues, bio-fertilizer, and urea at level II (OBM2) achieved the highest increase in the activity values for urease enzyme, L-clotamines and L-aspartase in root zoon soil and bulk soil for 30 days of cultivation (58.46, 48.58 and 30.40) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively for the rhizosphere, and (54.13, 46.30 and 27.62) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the bulk soil. The activity of enzymes then increased 60 days after planting (58.55, 49.44 and 30.74) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere (54.22, 47.15 and 27.96) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, outside the rhizosphere

A study of rainfall infiltration on slope stability using sand piles to reinforce slopes

Slope instability, predominantly manifested as landslides, stands as one of the most formidable natural hazards, posing significant challenges to sustainability. Prolonged rainfall events are a vital trigger for landslides, with global variations in rainfall patterns primarily attributed to climate change. For instance, on October 3, 2020, the UK experienced its wettest day since 1891, with an average of 31.7 mm of rainfall, illustrating this climatic change. This research aims to investigate the mechanisms of soil slope failure under varying rainfall conditions by combining finite element modeling with physical modeling. The primary objective is to understand the complexities of soil slope failure under different rainfall intensities and durations and to evaluate the effectiveness of sand piles in mitigating failure and reducing damages. The study begins with a numerical analysis using finite element methods, examining various soil slopes with different inclination angles subjected to varying rainfall conditions. A coupled flow-deformation analysis is conducted to unravel the behavior of slopes during rainfall infiltration. Sand piles' length, diameter, spacing, and stiffness are optimized for effectiveness. Next, the optimized parameters from the numerical analysis guide the design and testing of a laboratory-based physical model. This dual approach reveals how slope geometry significantly influences rainfall-induced instability. Gravity forces increase with slope height and inclination, while gentler slopes with longer ponding times, experience more significant rainfall impact. This prolonged infiltration reduces matric suction, diminishing soil shear strength and destabilizing the slope. Conversely, steeper slopes, with shorter ponding times, see more water as surface runoff. The efficacy of sand piles in stabilizing fine soil slopes is highlighted. Sand piles function as both drainage and reinforcement mechanisms, providing effective drainage paths and facilitating the transfer of infiltrated water to the surface as runoff. This reduces pore water pressure and increases matric suction, thereby enhancing soil shear strength and slope stability. The slope was monitored, and soil displacements were measured using a novel approach called the Automated Sensory and Signal Processing System (ASPS). Images captured during the experimental program were processed in MATLAB, applying mathematical equations to extract useful features and categorize slopes based on displacement levels. Low displacement indicated stable conditions, while high displacement signaled potential instability and the need for further intervention. To validate the findings, a case study was conducted on the Azad Pattan Road in Kashmir, Pakistan. This site, consisting of fine silty soil similar to the soil type used in the finite element and lab modeling, provided a real-world application of sand piles. The geology of the slope mirrored the conditions studied in the numerical and physical models, allowing for the practical application of optimized sand pile parameters. In conclusion, this research significantly contributes to understanding slope stability under varying rainfall conditions. By integrating numerical analysis, physical modeling, and the application of sand piles, the study offers a comprehensive view of the factors influencing slope failures and effective stabilization techniques. The case study on Azad Pattan Road in Kashmir further validates these findings, demonstrating practical implications for mitigating landslides in areas prone to slope instability. These insights are invaluable for fortifying resilience against climate change-induced natural hazards