William J. Baumol, Robert E. Litan and Carl J. Schramm. Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. 321 pp.

The central idea of the book is that Capitalism has many forms—some good, others bad, with entrepreneurial capital being the best. The authors argue that the spectacular economic performance of the developed world is owed to the ‘good capitalism’ practised over there and that the blame for the poor performance of many economies must lie with one or the other kind of ‘bad capitalism’, that these economies continue to practise. The authors identify policy tools that can help countries in making a transition from ‘bad capitalism’ to ‘good capitalism’. The introductory chapter ‘Entrepreneurship and Growth’ gives an overview of the key elements of an entrepreneurial economy. In the next chapter, the authors question ‘Why Economic Growth Matters’ and convincingly rebuff those who question the virtues of growth. To those who put limits on growth the authors’ answer is: “the same process of technological advancement that undermined Malthus’ dire prediction about population growth may be able to quiet the concerns of modern day Malthusians who worry about disappearing energy”. Chapter 3 conducts a comprehensive review of modern growth theories with special focus on innovation and institutions. After reviewing the work of Solow, the authors move directly to the influence of institutions on growth. They argue that institutions take time to develop and that growth depends on ‘home grown’ institutions. The long time required to develop growth promoting institutions may explain why dictators have been successful in Korea and Singapore in boosting growth, while the time horizon of the politician is shorter, at best extended up to the next elections. The authors’ emphasis upon ‘home grown’ institution is also a verdict against the Washington Consensus

A Social Custom “Vani”: Introduction And Critical Analysis

This paper reflects an introduction and critical analysis of a custom called Vani. It is widely practiced with diverse names in different areas of Pakistan. This ancient tradition is tied to blood feuds among the various tribes and clans, where the females are forcibly married to the members of different tribes for the dispute settlement. Habitually Vani is affected in the cases of murder, kidnapping and robbery. Inequality/discrimination, law disregard, poor education, poverty, landlord system etc. are fundamental reasons for existence of such type norms. It has become an evil of the society. This is an un-Islamic practice as Islam does not allow a forced marriage. Having different comprehensive laws about every clash Islam has no example/direction to give Vani to settle a heated discussion. It is necessary only to awake the heartfelt public about such type of customs and to allocate their influence to stop it

Olefin Polymerization by Dinuclear Zirconium Catalysts Based on Rigid Teraryl Frameworks: Effects on Tacticity and Copolymerization Behavior

Toward gaining insight into the behavior of bimetallic catalysts for olefin polymerization, a series of structurally related binuclear zirconium catalysts with bisamine bisphenolate and pyridine bisphenolate ligands connected by rigid teraryl units were synthesized. Anthracene-9,10-diyl and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene-1,4-diyl were employed as linkers. Bulky Si^iPr_3 and SiPh_3 substituents were used in the position ortho to the phenolate oxygen. Pseudo-C_s and C_2 symmetric isomers are observed for the binuclear complexes of bisamine bisphenolate ligands. In general, binuclear catalysts show higher isotacticity compared to the monozirconium analogues, with some differences between isomers. Amine bisphenolate-supported dizirconium complexes were found to be moderately active (up to 1.5 kg mmol_(Zr)^(–1) h^(–1)) for the polymerization of 1-hexene to isotactically enriched poly-1-hexene (up to 45% mmmm) in the presence of stoichiometric trityl or anilinium borate activators. Moderate activity was observed for the production of isotactically enriched polypropylene (up to 2.8 kg mmol_(Zr)^(–1) h^(–1) and up to 25.4% mmmm). The previously proposed model for tacticity control based on distal steric effects from the second metal site is consistent with the observed behavior. Both bisamine bisphenolate and pyridine bisphenolate supported complexes are active for the production of polyethylene in the presence of MAO with activities in the range of 1.1–1.6 kg mmol_(Zr)^(–1) h^(–1) and copolymerize ethylene with α-olefins. Little difference in the level of α-olefin incorporation is observed between mono- and dinuclear catalysts supported with the pyridine bisphenolate catalysts. In contrast, the size of the olefin affects the level of incorporation differently between monometallic and bimetallic catalysts for the bisamine bisphenolate system. The ratio of the incorporation levels with dinuclear vs mononuclear catalysts decreases with increasing comonomer size. This effect is attributed to steric pressure provided by the distal metal center on the larger olefin in dinuclear catalysts

Early Metal Di(pyridyl) Pyrrolide Complexes with Second Coordination Sphere Arene−π Interactions: Ligand Binding and Ethylene Polymerization

Early metal complexes supported by hemilabile, monoanionic di(pyridyl) pyrrolide ligands substituted with mesityl and anthracenyl groups were synthesized to probe the possibility of second coordination sphere arene−π interactions with ligands with potential for allosteric control in coordination chemistry, substrate activation, and olefin polymerization. Yttrium alkyl, indolide, and amide complexes were prepared and structurally characterized; close contacts between the anthracenyl substituents and Y-bound ligands are observed in the solid state. Titanium, zirconium, and hafnium tris(dimethylamido) complexes were synthesized, and their ethylene polymerization activity was tested. In the solid state structure of one of the Ti tris(dimethylamido) complexes, coordination of Ti to only one of the pyridine donors is observed pointing to the hemilabile character of the di(pyridyl) pyrrolide ligands

Historical Study of the Socio-Religious Condition of Irani Civilization under Zoroasteranianism and the Impact of Islam

In the Middle East, the current Islamic Republic of Iran, bordering the Persian Gulf, is one of the few important countries whose people are considered to be the custodians of an ancient cultural and political heritage. Historically, Iran is one of the oldest countries in the world. Historically and culturally, the Iranian civilization is also considered a contemporary of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization. Apart from the social and cultural background, the Iranian Empire also has a prominent position in the region politically. The idea of ​​its beginning is that it was formed by Caesar the Great and its rise came in the time of Darius-I. When, the battle of Qadisiya in 16 AH decided the fate of Iran. The conquest of Medina was a declaration of the end of Yazd-e-Jard's rule. Politically, Iran was considered more developed than contemporary states. This dissertation describes the ancient Iranian political culture that culminated in the defeat of the Sasanids dynasty at the hands of the Muslims.&nbsp

Magnetic properties of polyvinyl alcohol and doxorubicine loaded iron oxide nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery applications

The current study emphasizes the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and impact of hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating concentration as well as anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) loading on saturation magnetization for target drug delivery applications. Iron oxide nanoparticles particles were synthesized by a reformed version of the co-precipitation method. The coating of polyvinyl alcohol along with doxorubicin loading was carried out by the physical immobilization method. X-ray diffraction confirmed the magnetite (Fe3O4) structure of particles that remained unchanged before and after polyvinyl alcohol coating and drug loading. Microstructure and morphological analysis was carried out by transmission electron microscopy revealing the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm with slight variation after coating and drug loading. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive, and Fourier transform infrared spectra further confirmed the conjugation of polymer and doxorubicin with iron oxide nanoparticles. The room temperature superparamagnetic behavior of polymer-coated and drug-loaded magnetite nanoparticles were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer. The variation in saturation magnetization after coating evaluated that a sufficient amount of polyvinyl alcohol would be 3 wt. % regarding the externally controlled movement of IONPs in blood under the influence of applied magnetic field for in-vivo target drug delivery

Impact of Organizational Virtuousness on Workplace Spirituality with the Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between organizational virtuousness and workplace spirituality with the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Data was collected from 250 employees working in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan through a questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Hayes’ PROCESS macro (a statistical technique). The study reported a statistically significant relationship between organizational virtuousness and workplace spirituality and also proved perceived organizational support as a partial mediator between these two variables. The findings make an important contribution to the literature available on positive psychology / organizational behavior, especially positive organizational scholarship (POS). The findings also suggest the organizations to adopt practices and procedures that help to create a climate of virtuousness

Radical Innovation, Paradigm Shift and Incumbent’s Dilemma The Case of the Auto Industry

Radical innovations often upend the incumbents firms and even render them obsolete (Ansari & Krop, 2012; Benner, 2010), as these firms often have great difficulties in addressing the challenge posed by these innovations due to inertia (Ghemawat, 1991), tendencies to exploit existing competences (Levinthal & March, 1993; O’Reilly & Tushman, 2008), organizational rigidity (Beonard-Barton, 1992), complacency and internal culture (Tellis, 2006), problems in the incentive system and resource allocation process (Christensen, 1997), and gap in the organizational capabilities required for embracing the new technology (Henderson, 2006; Tushman & Anderson, 1986). However, as radical innovations become increasingly frequent across industries, responding to this serious threat has become a strategic priority for many incumbent firms.Research shows that incumbents survive or even prosper in the face of radical innovations by forging effective partnerships with challenger firms (Ansari & Krop, 2012), establishing a separate entity to fend off the threat (Christensen, 1997; Christensen, Raynor & McDonald, 2015), better evaluation and investment approach (Hill & Rothaermel, 2003), appropriately configuring organizational form and structure (Ansari & Krop, 2012), coupling their basic research function with applied research functions (Hill & Rothaermel, 2003), possessing downstream complementary assets critical for the commercialization of the new technology (Ansari & Krop, 2012; Hill & Rothaermel, 2003), and more importantly by possessing a high willingness to cannibalize their core business (Chandy and Tellis, 1998). Incumbents can also thrive or overcome the so-called incumbent’s curse by pioneering radical innovations by themselves (Chandy and Tellis, 2000).Previous studies on radical innovations focus primarily on a single product (e.g., Chandy and Tellis, 1998, 2000), technological or business model innovation (Ansari & Krop, 2012; Christensen, 1997; Hill & Rothaermel, 2003). These innovations may have the potential to shrink the incumbents’ marketspace, e.g., Gemesis’ synthetic diamonds challenging the natural diamonds (McAdams and Reavis, 2008), EasyJet challenging mainstream airlines such as BA, Netflix challenging the traditional movie rental business (Leonhartdt, 2006), or displace the incumbent market leader, e.g., IBM PC and its clones destroyed minicomputer makers such as DEC, Wang, Apollo and so on. Yet, they do not often disrupt the entire industry. But in recent years, more industry-wide disruptions have occurs due to emerge of not a single radical innovation but an array of them simultaneously from within or outside of a particular industry. In this process, it is not just the incumbent market leader or a few incumbent firms but the entire value chain, ecosystem or industry get displaced, the so-called paradigm shift, e.g., GPS device by software companies such as Google and Waze, desktop computing by mobile devices, and the traditional auto industry centered around the internal combustion engine by peer-to-peer service provider (e.g., Uber), consumer electronics (e.g., Apple), battery-driven vehicle (e.g., Tesla), and software companies (e.g., Google, Amazon). When this happens, incumbents are not fighting against a particular firm or a few firms that have introduced radical innovations based on similar technologies, but an army of very diverse entrants that are disrupting the entire industries from various directions, some of which are from remote industries with vastly different organizational capabilities, mindset and business model. How incumbents of the existing ecosystem should best cope with the massive and dramatic industry-level disruption induced by multiple radical innovations along a number of fronts or paradigm shift has largely remained unexamined. In the face of paradigm shift, can the above mentioned strategies or tactics for incumbents to combat single radical innovation or firm be adequate to deal with the fundamental existential threat? If not, what should be the appropriate strategies for them to survive or even thrive in the advent of a paradigm shift? In this paper, we attempt to sketch out a research framework to investigate this important issue