Synthesis and characterization of solid heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel from high FFA waste cooking oil

No AbstractKeywords: Biodiesel, Transesterification, High FFA waste cooking oil, Heterogeneous catalyst, Single step reaction proces

Effective biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil and biomass residue solid green catalyst

Biodiesel has recently received greater concern as one of the reliable and sustainable source of energy. Production of biodiesel is hampered by both feedstock availability and catalyst system. This work successfully utilized the waste egg shell to develop a bimetallic mixed oxide catalyst, and waste cooking oil characterised by high free fatty acid (FFA) as feedstock, towards methyl ester production under mild reaction condition in one-step transesterification process. The properties of the catalyst were assessed using XRD, BET, SEM, EDX and TPD-CO2. The prepared catalyst was successfully recorded a high biodiesel yield of 92.1% under the optimized reaction conditions of 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 3 wt% catalyst loading, 80 °C reaction temperature and 3 h reaction time. The recovered catalyst was reused in five cycles without significant loss in activity. The leaching of catalytic Ca2+ active site was reduced when transition bimetallic mixed oxides were added to the CaO surface

Efficient waste Gallus domesticus shell derived calcium-based catalyst for biodiesel production

In this study, waste shells derived calcium-based catalysts were synthesized via wet-impregnation process in the presence of Mo-Zr mixed salt. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using CO2-TPD, XRD, BET surface measurement, SEM and EDX spectrometry, respectively. This heterogeneous catalyst was used to synthesize biodiesel via transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) to fatty acid methyl ester in the presence of methanol. The catalyst demonstrated a superior catalytic performance in transesterification reaction, yielded 90.1% in 3 h. Reusability of this waste shell derived catalyst was examined and results showed that the prepared catalysts are able to be reused up to 3 times with yield of more than 70% after the third cycles. Therefore, this new modified calcium-based catalyst exhibited outstanding activity and durability in the synthesis of biodiesel. The as-synthesized catalyst is recyclable and reusable, which successfully reduces the biodiesel production cost

Transesterification of sunflower oil using heterogeneous catalyst derived from date seeds of South Algeria

Date Seeds (DS) were transformed into catalyst by calcining them at various temperatures. The produced catalyst was fully characterized by SEM, XRF, and BET analyses. The basicity of the catalyst was determined using CO2-TPD technique. The catalytic efficiency of the prepared catalyst was tested in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol. The effect of calcination temperature on the yield of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) was investigated. In addition the transesterification process was optimised. In this study, the effect of FFA (Free Fatty Acid) on FAME yield was also investigated. The results show that the produced catalyst from date seeds is a good catalyst for biodiesel production reaction. The maximum biodiesel yield reached about 96.7% under the optimal conditions

Investigation of heterogeneous solid acid catalyst performance on low grade feedstocks for biodiesel production: a review

The conventional fossil fuel reserves are continually declining worldwide and therefore posing greater challenges to the future of the energy sources. Biofuel alternatives were found promising to replace the diminishing fossil fuels. However, conversion of edible vegetable oils to biodiesel using homogeneous acids and base catalysts is now considered as indefensible for the future particularly due to food versus fuel competition and other environmental problems related to catalyst system and feedstock. This review has discussed the progression in research and growth related to heterogeneous catalysts used for biodiesel production for low grade feedstocks. The heterogeneous base catalysts have revealed effective way to produce biodiesel, but it has the limitation of being sensitive to high free fatty acid (FFA) or low grade feedstocks. Alternatively, solid acid catalysts are capable of converting the low grade feedstocks to biodiesel in the presence of active acid sites. The paper presents a comprehensive review towards the investigation of solid acid catalyst performance on low grade feedstock, their category, properties, advantages, limitations and possible remedy to their drawbacks for biodiesel production

Efficient reaction for biodiesel manufacturing using bi-functional oxide catalyst

The search for biofuel in order to complement the future shortage of fuels and mitigate the poisonous air and water pollution has become so considerate in the last few decades. The choice of feedstock and catalyst system for biofuel production has been very difficult considering many drawbacks from food-fuel competition to catalyst separation and water washing after the reaction. To address these issues, acid-base bi-functional catalysts and waste based vegetable oil were considered for the sustainable production of biofuels. Bifunctional catalyst has the capacity to successfully transform waste based vegetable oil into useful biofuel under mild reaction pa rameters. In this work, a newly developed bimetallic tungsten- zirconia (W–Zr) modified waste shell catalyst samples were employed for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of unrefined palm-derived waste oil (PDWO) to biodiesel in one-pot reaction. These catalysts were successfully synthesized using simple wet impregnation technique and characterized by SEM, BET, XRD, and TPD characterization techniques. The catalyst was able to achieved the maximum biodiesel yield of 94.1% in 1 h under optimized reaction parameters

Modified waste egg shell derived bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA waste cooking oil: a review

Global energy crisis are as a result of gradual depletion of fossil fuel reserves, coupled with population growth in developing countries. Besides, fossil fuels are not environmentally benign as they are associated with problems, i.e. global warming, high toxicity and non biodegradability, hence it is considered as non sustainable source of energy. Without doubt, biofuel-based energy is a promising long-term energy source that can reduce the over dependence on fossil fuels as a result of feedstocks availability and renewability. However, biodiesel production from vegetable oil using the traditional homogeneous catalytic system is no longer defensible by industries in the near future, particularly due to food-fuel rivalry and ecological problems related to the conventional homogeneous catalytic system. This review presents a comprehensive step by step process of converting waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel, using modified waste egg shell catalyst. The modified waste egg shell derived bi-functional catalyst could easily be removed from the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with limited environmental effects. The new modified catalytic system is able to convert the high free fatty acid (FFA) content waste cooking oil to FAME efficiently under moderate reaction conditions. Utilization of waste cooking oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production will reduce the food security issues that stem the biodiesel production from food-grade oil. Moreover, it will reduce the total production cost of the FAME due to its low cost. The major objective of this article is to demonstrate the current state of the use of heterogeneous bifunctional acid/base catalyst to produce biodiesel from green and non-edible waste cooking oil. At the end of the article, perspectives and future developments are also presented

Methoxy-functionalized mesostructured stable carbon catalysts for effective biodiesel production from non-edible feedstock

The nano-architectured Ca(OCH3)2/AC catalyst was prepared through hydrothermal process. In this work, the controlled structural growth and morphology of nano-architectured Ca(OCH3)2/AC catalyst were reported and their conversion activity from non-edible oil source (crude jatropha oil) to biodiesel production was also evaluated in this study. Remarkable difference in catalytic activity for biodiesel production among these samples was observed. It shows that the catalytic properties of the hydrothermal synthesized catalyst was improved by exposing the catalytic active OCH3 predominantly on the surface of catalyst. The 0.4-OMe/AC catalyst with methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, agitation speed of 600 rpm and 3 wt% of catalyst provided maximum biodiesel yield of 98.65% at 60 °C for 1 h reaction time. The catalyst exhibited outstanding stability where negligible Ca2+ leaching was detected and the recovered catalyst was reused in 8 successive cycles without significant loss in activity. Therefore, this kind of bimodal porosity catalyst is said to exhibit very high activity, stability, and recyclability, which entailed potential saving and affordable biodiesel production possibilities

Free-H2 deoxygenation of Jatropha curcas oil into cleaner diesel-grade biofuel over coconut residue-derived activated carbon catalyst

Diesel-like hydrocarbons were produced by the catalytic deoxygenation (DO) of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) over novel Agx/AC and Niy-Agx/AC catalysts under an H2-free atmosphere. The AC was synthesized from coconut fibre residues (CFR), where CFR is the by-product from coconut milk extraction and is particularly rich in soft fibres with high mineral content. The Niy-Agx/AC catalyst afforded higher DO activity via the decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCOx) route than Agx/AC due to the properties of Ni, synergistic interaction of Ni and Ag species, adequate amount of strong acid sites and large number of weak acid sites, which cause extensive C-O cleavage and lead to rich formation of n-(C15+C17) hydrocarbons. The effect of Ag and Ni content were studied within the 5 to 15 wt% range. An optimum Ni and Ag metal content (5 wt%) for deCOx reaction was observed. Excess Ni is not preferable due to a tendency for cracking and Ag-rich containing catalyst weakly enforced triglycerides breaking. The Ni5-Ag5/AC govern exclusively decarbonylation reaction, which corroborates the presence of Ni²⁺ species and a high amount of strong acid sites. Ultimately, Ni5-Ag5/AC in the present study shows excellent chemical stability with consistent five reusability without drastic reduction of hydrocarbon yield (78–95%) and n-(C15+C17) selectivity (82–83%), which indicate favourable application in JCO DO

Sustainable biofuel production approach: critical methanol green transesterification by efficient and stable heterogeneous catalyst

Bi-metallic integrated Cex-Ca1-xO catalysts with various Ce:Ca atomic ratios are synthesized through a homogeneous co-precipitation route. The synthesized heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of unrefined jatropha crude oil (UJCO) under near-critical methanol is the first to be reported by our group. Incorporating inorganic oxides within the metal-metal-oxide (Ce – O – Ce) increases the catalytic activity due to the highly uniform dispersion of lattice CaO on the catalyst's surface and hence predominantly increases the surface's active sites. The near-critical methanol transesterification activity results in the excellent catalytic performance of Cex-Ca1-xO when Ce:Ca at an atomic ratio of 1:1. However, its reactivity plunges when Ca species are overloaded on the composite's surface (Ce:Ca atomic ratio of 1:4). The maximum biodiesel yield of 93.39% is achieved at an optimized reaction condition of 20 min, 18 methanol/UJCO molar ratio, 260 °C (10 MPa), and 1 wt.%. In addition, the fuel properties of synthesized biodiesel are investigated and compared in accordance with international standards. This synthesized catalyst demonstrates superior activity, outstanding stability (toward moisture and FFA contents), and reusability (without needed regeneration), making it a potential candidate as a green catalyst