Sexual behavior, use of contraceptive methods and pregnancy in young people from a population affiliated in a health insurer company in Colombia 2018

Describe the average age of sexual life onset from young people and adolescents, the prevalence of contraceptive methods and explore determinants of pregnancy. A retrospective cohort (2014-2018) was followed by a health insurer of the subsidized regime in Colombia. The study sample consisted of 35,214 young people aged 10-24 years living in 21 municipalities of the Colombian Caribbean region. For the social determinants of pregnancy, a multivariate probit model was estimated using as explanatory variables, housing area, education, family functionality and sexual behavior. 10.3% of women and 14.1% of men had their first sexual encounter before age 14 and 43.5% of women and 37.4% of men began their sex life after age 17. From the young people who claimed to have started their sexual life, 70.9% of the men made use of the condom as a contraceptive method, while the women divided on average 27.2% for the pills and / or injections followed by 16 , 1% in the use of the subdermal implant. As determinants of pregnancy in young people under 20, it was found that variables such as suspending school years [Yes (β = 0.6, p = 0.006)], being planned with hormonal method [Yes (β = 0.5, p = 0.000)] or start sexual life [Between 10 to 14 years (β = 0.14, p = 0.000)], increase the likelihood of young women becoming pregnant at some time in their life. These results also showed that the schooling of the young [University (β = -0.4, p = 0.038)] and always use condoms in sexual intercourse [Yes (β = -0.5, p = 0.042)] help prevent the pregnancy event from occurring. The age of sexual onset establishes a basis on which decision makers should intervene for promote a safe sex life, from use of anticonceptives in young people and thus avoiding unplanned pregnancy

Perception, prevalence and factors associated to school bullying in young people from a population affiliated in a colombian health subsidized insurance company in 2018.

Describe the perception from young people about bullying, the prevalence of this event and explore the factors associated with being a victim. A retrospective cohort (2014-2018) was followed by a health insurer company of the subsidized regime in Colombia. The study sample consisted of 35,214 young people aged 10-24 years living in 21 municipalities of the Colombian Caribbean region. Means and standard deviation were expressed for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables. For the associated factors, a logistic model was estimated using as explanatory variables, sex, housing area, age range, family functionality, disability of the young person, disability of a family member and variables of psychological perception. 63.6% of young people answered that they have knowledge about what school bullying is, noting that as the schooling of the young person increases, the higher the proportion of positive response. The physical or verbal school bullying rate was 94 young people per 1,000. It was found that factors such as the youth feeling useless and guilty (OR = 3.14, p = 0.000), attending psychological counseling (OR = 1.78, p = 0.000), repeating years (OR = 1.49, p = 0.000), that the young person has a disability (OR = 1.33, p = 0.004), or a family member has a disability (OR = 1.27, p = 0.000), is associated with being a victim of bullying. Likewise, it was found that belonging to a highly functional family environment (OR = 0.57, p = 0.000) is a protective factor. School bullying is an event that needs attention and requires supervision of all those around young people, in order to avoid changes in behavior or suicide. Therefore, health systems must offer comprehensive care to prevent mental health risks related to bullying given their relationship with the presence of disability of the young person or a relativ

Methodology for selecting atmospheric monitoring sitesin urban areas affected by emissions from mobile sources

El monitoreo atmosférico es una de las etapas fundamentales en la identificación de estrategias para minimizar, prevenir y controlar los impactos de la dispersión de contaminantes en el aire, sobre la salud pública y el ambiente. Por tanto, el objetivo principal de este articulo consiste en proponer una metodología para la selección de  sitios de monitoreo atmosférico en zonas urbanas afectadas por las emisiones de fuentes móviles. Primeramente se identificaron los sitios que presentaban mayor flujo vehicular y se priorizaron teniendo presente  los siguientes  criterios  de selección: seguridad, influencia de otras fuentes, facilidad del montaje de los equipos,  accesibilidad al sitio, identificación de barreras y obstáculos,  registro histórico de datos  y grado de concentración  usando el software CALINE 3.La modelación agrupo datos característicos de las vías, meteorológicos y de flujo vehicular de un año típico de la zona en estudio.   A cada uno de estos parámetros le es asignada una valoración cuantitativa, la cual define los sitios donde se realizará el monitoreo. Como resultados se desarrolló una guía para seleccionar los lugares en donde se puedan desarrollar campañas de monitoreo atmosférico asociadas a fuentes móviles. La metodología fue aplicada en la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias haciendo uso del modelo de calidad del aire CALINE3.Atmospheric monitoring is one of the fundamental steps in identifying strategies to minimize, prevent and control the impact of the dispersion of pollutants in the air, on public health and the environment. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to propose a methodology for selecting air monitoring sites in urban areas affected by emissions from mobile sources. First, the places with the highest vehicular flow were identified and prioritized according to the following selection criteria: safety, influence of other sources, ease of assembly of equipment, accessibility to the site, identification of barriers and obstacles, historical record of data and degree concentration of the pollutant: in this case carbon monoxide, using CALINE 3 software. The modeling grouped characteristic data related with roads, meteorology and vehicular flow of a typical year of the zone under study. A quantitative assessment is assigned to each of these parameters, which defines the sites where the monitoring will be performed. As a result, it was developed a guide to select those places where atmospheric monitoring campaigns related with mobile sources can be held. This methodology was applied in the city of Cartagena de Indias by using air quality model for assessment, CALINE

Methodology for selecting atmospheric monitoring sitesin urban areas affected by emissions from mobile sources

El monitoreo atmosférico es una de las etapas fundamentales en la identificación de estrategias para minimizar, prevenir y controlar los impactos de la dispersión de contaminantes en el aire, sobre la salud pública y el ambiente. Por tanto, el objetivo principal de este articulo consiste en proponer una metodología para la selección de  sitios de monitoreo atmosférico en zonas urbanas afectadas por las emisiones de fuentes móviles. Primeramente se identificaron los sitios que presentaban mayor flujo vehicular y se priorizaron teniendo presente  los siguientes  criterios  de selección: seguridad, influencia de otras fuentes, facilidad del montaje de los equipos,  accesibilidad al sitio, identificación de barreras y obstáculos,  registro histórico de datos  y grado de concentración  usando el software CALINE 3.La modelación agrupo datos característicos de las vías, meteorológicos y de flujo vehicular de un año típico de la zona en estudio.   A cada uno de estos parámetros le es asignada una valoración cuantitativa, la cual define los sitios donde se realizará el monitoreo. Como resultados se desarrolló una guía para seleccionar los lugares en donde se puedan desarrollar campañas de monitoreo atmosférico asociadas a fuentes móviles. La metodología fue aplicada en la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias haciendo uso del modelo de calidad del aire CALINE3.Atmospheric monitoring is one of the fundamental steps in identifying strategies to minimize, prevent and control the impact of the dispersion of pollutants in the air, on public health and the environment. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to propose a methodology for selecting air monitoring sites in urban areas affected by emissions from mobile sources. First, the places with the highest vehicular flow were identified and prioritized according to the following selection criteria: safety, influence of other sources, ease of assembly of equipment, accessibility to the site, identification of barriers and obstacles, historical record of data and degree concentration of the pollutant: in this case carbon monoxide, using CALINE 3 software. The modeling grouped characteristic data related with roads, meteorology and vehicular flow of a typical year of the zone under study. A quantitative assessment is assigned to each of these parameters, which defines the sites where the monitoring will be performed. As a result, it was developed a guide to select those places where atmospheric monitoring campaigns related with mobile sources can be held. This methodology was applied in the city of Cartagena de Indias by using air quality model for assessment, CALINE