Institutional and policy issues in the management of fisheries and coastal resources in Cambodia

Fishery management, Governments, Fishery policies, Resource conservation, Resource management, Cambodia,

Germination and Early Growth of Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) in Response to Different Shade Percentages and Sowing Depths.

A tree's ability to develop and its full potential depends on the environment in which it grows, especially during its early growth and germination stage. Due to the importance of planting depth and shadowing % as two important parameters for seed germination and early seedling growth under nursery conditions, this experiment was conducted to generate Brachychiton populneus seedlings at the optimal depth. In this study, three levels of shade conditions were tested with depths of 0, 1, 2, and 3 cm, respectively (0 percent shade, 50 percent shade, and 75 percent shade, respectively). The experimental design was factorial complete randomized design (CRD) with four replications for each treatment. At the end of the trial final germination percentages and vegetative growth parameters were measured. The results indicated that the different sowing depths and shade percentage treatments had a great significant influence on germination percentage, stem length, basal stem diameter, leaf number, and root length either in separately or in combination between both. Mean of germination percentage under zero shade percentage (full sunlight) significantly better than those under 50 and 75 shade percentage. Furthermore, the highest germination percentage was 80 % when the seeds were sown under full sunlight (zero shade percentage) and in 1 cm deep or under 50% shade percentage and 2 cm deep. Our results will help forest nurseries to produce healthy and a high quality of B. populneus seedlings for better chance of plantation programs

Hybrid Internet Access

Access to the Internet is either too slow (dial-up SLIP) or too expensive (switched 56 kbps, frame relay) for the home user or small enterprise. The Center for Satellite and Hybrid Communication Networks and Hughes Network Systems have collaborated using systems integration principles to develop a prototype of a low-cost hybrid (dialup and satellite) network terminal which can deliver data from the Internet to the user at rates up to 160 kbps. An asymmetric TCP/IP connection is used breaking the network link into two physical channels: a terrestrial dial-up for carrying data from the terminal into the Internet and a receive-only satellite link carrying IP packets from the Internet to the user. With a goal of supporting bandwidth hungry Internet applications such as Mosaic Gopher, and FTP, this system has been designed to support an Intel 80386/486 PC, any commercial TCP/IP package, any unmodified host on the Internet, and any of the routers, etc., within the Internet.. The design exploits the following three observations: 1) satellites are able to offer high bandwidth connections to large geographical area, 2) a receiver-only VSAT is cheap to manufacture and easier to install than one which can also transmit, and 3) most computer users, especially those in a home environment, will want to consume much more information than they generate. IP encapsulation, or tunneling, issued to manipulate the TCP/IP protocols to route packets asymmetrically

Electronic structure of β-Si3N4 crystals with substitutional icosagen group impurities

The β-Si3N4 crystals are widely used in industrial and electronics areas. Therefore, β-Si3N4 has drawn the attention of researchers for many years. In this study, effects of icosagen group impurity atoms in the IIIA group on the electronic properties of the β-Si3N4 crystal were analyzed by using the density functional theory. As a result of these analyses, it was determined that the electronic properties of the crystal change significantly. Basic electronic characteristics for pure β-Si3N4 crystal and icosagen group impurity β-Si3N4 crystals, such as band structures, densities of states, binding energies, and formation energies were investigated. We identified that the band gap of the β-Si3N4 crystal was affected significantly by the impurity, and this change was varying linearly in line with the formation energy for the impurity cases. As a result of calculations, the Al-impurity was found to be the lowest-energy impurity state

Extensions of DBS and Hybrid Internet

There has been a large amount of research dedicated to extending the asymmetric networks provided by receive-only Direct Broadcast Satellite systems like Hughes Network Systems' DirecPC product. One way to further develop Direct Broadcast Satellite services and to offset the high initial cost of these systems is to implement techniques that will allow one satellite receiver to act as a gateway for many clients to receive information. This would also help broaden the range of services provided by DBS systems. Besides providing direct-to-home traffic, DBS can be used to distribute bulk traffic to the local-loop distributors (direct-to-curb). We describe some experiments which extend the DBS system, in particular, the DirecPC and DirecTV DBS, by using the PC with the satellite receiver as a gateway to connect networks together. We also discuss simple methods of receiving multimedia traffic from the multicast backbone (MBONE) [Cas94] over the satellite link, and distributing it, through this gateway, to end users. The research and scientific content in this material will be presented at the 2nd ACM International Workshop on Satellite-Based Information Services (WOSBIS), October 1, 1997, Budapest, Hungary.</Center

A study of patent thickets

Report analysing whether entry of UK enterprises into patenting in a technology area is affected by patent thickets in the technology area

Prediction of Emerging Technologies Based on Analysis of the U.S. Patent Citation Network

The network of patents connected by citations is an evolving graph, which provides a representation of the innovation process. A patent citing another implies that the cited patent reflects a piece of previously existing knowledge that the citing patent builds upon. A methodology presented here (i) identifies actual clusters of patents: i.e. technological branches, and (ii) gives predictions about the temporal changes of the structure of the clusters. A predictor, called the {citation vector}, is defined for characterizing technological development to show how a patent cited by other patents belongs to various industrial fields. The clustering technique adopted is able to detect the new emerging recombinations, and predicts emerging new technology clusters. The predictive ability of our new method is illustrated on the example of USPTO subcategory 11, Agriculture, Food, Textiles. A cluster of patents is determined based on citation data up to 1991, which shows significant overlap of the class 442 formed at the beginning of 1997. These new tools of predictive analytics could support policy decision making processes in science and technology, and help formulate recommendations for action