Impact of Wall Heat Transport on Formation of Transversal Hot Zones in Shallow, Non-adiabatic Packed-Bed Reactors

Transversal hot zones have been reported to form in packed-bed reactors used to conduct exothermic reactions. Packed-bed reactors are usually operated under non-adiabatic conditions. Previous attempts to predict the formation of transversal hot zones have been made on both shallow and long reactors under adiabatic conditions; that is, wall heat transport is zero. We show that a rich variety of slowly oscillating transversal hot zones, such as rotating patterns, targets, and spirals, may form in shallow, non-adiabatic reactors. Under certain conditions, azimuthally symmetric target patterns coexist with azimuthally non-symmetric rotating patterns. Surprisingly, a small wall heat transport can force a traveling wave or band motion observed under adiabatic conditions into a rotating pattern. A transition from the rotating patterns and/or target patterns to spiral waves depends on the residence time, the reactor length scale, and the wall heat transfer coefficient. A shallow reactor model predicts that the spatiotemporal patterns oscillate at a very low frequency (order of 10^–5 Hz), which is in agreement with predictions based on laboratory experiments

A case of coexistence of three anatomical variations in the forearm: Gantzer's muscle, Martin-Gruber anatomosis, and nerve of Henle.

During routine dissection of a left forearm, a simultaneous occurrence of Gantzers¿ muscles, Martin-Gruber anastomosis and nerve of Henle was observed in a 72 year old male. Both accessory muscle heads (Gantzers¿ muscles) originated from the medial epicondyle and coursed distally. The lateral accessory head crossed the ulnar artery, the Martin-Gruber anastomosis, and the branches of the median nerve to the flexors, the interosseous neurovascular bundle and the median nerve itself. The medial accessory head (Flexor Digitorum Profundus Accessorius) crossed the above structures except the last two. The Martin-Gruber anastomosis was a connection between the nerve to the Flexor Digitorum Profundus (a branch of the median nerve) and the ulnar nerve, which traversed posterior to the ulnar artery and two accessory muscle heads. The nerve of Henle originated from the ulnar nerve just proximal to joining the Martin-Gruber anastomosis, coursed distally with the ulnar artery, and supplied the skin of the distal forearm. These muscular and nervous anomalies are clinically significant since they are mutually related to one another and could compress the nerves or may be compromised during surgical procedures

INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Syzygium aromaticum AND Cinnamomum cassia PLANT VOLATILE OIL AGAINST THE PULSE BEETLE, Callosobruchus maculatus [Fabricius] [Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae]

In the present study, insecticidal activity of two plant volatile oils such as Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum cassia were tested for their efficacy against the important stored grain coleoptera pest, the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus in a conducive environment at laboraroty. The plant volatile oils were individually tested with 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml concentrations on the adult C. maculatus. Initially the grain, Vigna unguiculata were uniformly coated with the selected concentration of the plant volatile oil, air dried, then introduced the adult beetles. After 24, 48, 72 hrs of exposure, the number of insects dead were counted and the percent mortality was calculated by using the standard formula. In the present study, the insecticidal activity of S. aromaticum indicates that the significant mortalities were observed at 200 mg/mL concentration of the S. aromaticum against the insects exposed to 24hrs [82.6%], 48 hrs [88.4%] and 72 Hrs [97.8%]. The trend was followed by 150, 100, 50 mg/mL concentrations with 64.2%, 72.8%, 76.8%; 38.2%, 46.6%, 52.6%; 27.6%, 34.8%, 36.8% at 24, 48 and 72 Hrs respectively.  In the same way, the insecticidal activity of C. cassia indicates that the significant mortalities were observed at 200 mg/mL concentration of the C. cassia against the insects exposed to 24 hrs [80.6%], 48 hrs [86.6%] and 72 Hrs [96.4%]. The trend was followed by 150, 100, 50 mg/mL concentrations with 62.2%, 70.4%, 72.6%; 36.4%, 48.4%, 56.8%; 26.8%, 32.2%, 34.6% at 24, 48 and 72 Hrs respectively.  It is inferred that the plant oils induced remarkable insect mortality on the test insect. Thus, it can be possibly utilized to mitigate the infestation of the pest in stored condition and also phytochemicals are eco-friendly, safer to non-target organisms