Trends in drug use among students in Brazil: analysis of four surveys in 1987, 1989, 1993 and 1997

The consumption of psychotropic drugs among Brazilian secondary school students was examined by comparing data from four surveys using a questionnaire adapted from the WHO's Program on Research and Reporting on the Epidemiology of Drug Dependence. Students filled out the form in their classrooms without the presence of teachers. The target population consisted of 10-18-year-old students (on average, 15,000 students responded to each survey) in Brazil's ten largest state capitals: Belém, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and São Paulo. Among the legal drugs, lifetime use (use at least once during life) of tobacco was increased in seven cities (the exceptions were Brasília, Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro). There was also a significant increase in frequent use of alcohol (six times or more per month) in 6 of the cities, from an average of 9.2% in 1987 to 15.0% in 1997. With respect to illegal drugs, there was a significant increase in lifetime use of marijuana (a 3-fold increase from 2.8% in 1987 to 7.6% in 1997). Cocaine use increased 4-fold over the survey period (0.5% in 1987 to 2.0% in 1997). Lifetime use of cocaine significantly increased in eight capitals (except Recife and Rio de Janeiro). However, frequent cocaine use increased in only three capitals (Belém, Fortaleza and Porto Alegre), from an average of 1.0% in 1987 to 3.6% in 1997. Lifetime use of medications such as anxiolytics and amphetamines increased 2-fold on average over the survey period. Comparing the four studies, the main conclusion is that there were significant increases in the frequencies for lifetime use, frequent use and heavy use of many drugs

Trends in drug use among students in Brazil: analysis of four surveys in 1987, 1989, 1993 and 1997

The consumption of psychotropic drugs among Brazilian secondary school students was examined by comparing data from four surveys using a questionnaire adapted from the WHO's Program on Research and Reporting on the Epidemiology of Drug Dependence. Students filled out the form in their classrooms without the presence of teachers. The target population consisted of 10-18-year-old students (on average, 15,000 students responded to each survey) in Brazil's ten largest state capitals: Belém, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and São Paulo. Among the legal drugs, lifetime use (use at least once during life) of tobacco was increased in seven cities (the exceptions were Brasília, Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro). There was also a significant increase in frequent use of alcohol (six times or more per month) in 6 of the cities, from an average of 9.2% in 1987 to 15.0% in 1997. With respect to illegal drugs, there was a significant increase in lifetime use of marijuana (a 3-fold increase from 2.8% in 1987 to 7.6% in 1997). Cocaine use increased 4-fold over the survey period (0.5% in 1987 to 2.0% in 1997). Lifetime use of cocaine significantly increased in eight capitals (except Recife and Rio de Janeiro). However, frequent cocaine use increased in only three capitals (Belém, Fortaleza and Porto Alegre), from an average of 1.0% in 1987 to 3.6% in 1997. Lifetime use of medications such as anxiolytics and amphetamines increased 2-fold on average over the survey period. Comparing the four studies, the main conclusion is that there were significant increases in the frequencies for lifetime use, frequent use and heavy use of many drugs

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Misuse In The City Of São Paulo: A Qualitative Study [o Uso Indevido De Anabolizantes Na Cidade De São Paulo: Um Estudo Qualitativo]

Objective: To investigate the reasons, implications and patterns of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use in 40 non-athletic youths, in the city of São Paulo. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with intentional sampling and based on criteria obtained by the snowball technique and from in-depth interviews with 40 users/ex-users of AAS, utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire based on key-word information. The size of the sample was determined by the theoretical saturation of information. Results: Men and youths are the principal users of AAS, who utilize them at doses much higher than therapeutic doses and also combine various AAS (stacking). AAS are utilized during determined periods of time (cycles), starting with low doses which are gradually increased (pyramid). An "inadequate body" is usually the reason cited for the use of MS. The most frequently reported side effects are aggressivity, hepatic problems, gynecomastia, cardiovascular complaints, dermatologic effects, sexual problems, lowered immunity, masculinizing effects in women and dependence. Discussion: The difficulty of social/affective relationships due to an inadequate body is the alleged motive for the use of AAS. A poor understanding of the effects of AAS, along with the distorted view these youths have of their body, propels them to utilize AAS indefinitely. Conclusions: The use of high doses of AAS and of mixtures of various AAS in an attempt to improve appearance results in exposure to the side effects of these drugs. Disinformation, an unattainable body image, low self-esteem, the search for admiration of their body, makes these youths chronic users of AAS. The illegality of their sale and the adverse effects of AAS do not impede youths from using them, indicating that more precise information on these drugs needs to be accessible, as long as the stereotype of the muscular man should not be promoted by the media.5212534Alen, M., Reinila, M., Vihko, R., Response of serum hormones to androgen administration in power athletes (1985) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 17, pp. 354-359Council report. Medical and nonmedical use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (1990) JAMA, 264 (22), pp. 2923-2927Biernack, P., Waldorf, D., Snowball sampling-problems and techniques of chain referral sampling (1981) Sociological Methods and Research, 10, pp. 141-163Brower, K.J., Blow, F.C., Beresford, T.P., Fuelling, C., Anabolic steroid dependence (1989) J Clin Psychiat, 50 (1), pp. 31-33Brower, K.J., Blow, F.C., Young, J.P., Hill, E.M., Symptons and correlates of anabolic-androgenic dependence (1991) Br J Addict, 86, pp. 759-768Buckley, W.E., Yesalis, C.E., Friedl, K.E., Anderson, W.A., Streit, A.L., Wright, J.E., Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors (1988) JAMA, 260 (23), pp. 3441-3445Cohen, J.C., Noakes, T.D., Benade, A.J., Hypercholesterolemia in male power lifters using anabolic-androgenic steroids (1988) Psy Sports Med, 16, pp. 49-56Corcoran, J.P., Longo, E.D., Psychologycal treatment of anabolic steroid-dependent individuals (1992) J Subst Abuse Treat, 29 (3), pp. 229-235Creswell, J.W., (1998) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Traditions, , USA: SAGE PublicationsDaigle, R.D., Anabolic steroids (1990) J Psychoative Drugs, 22, pp. 77-80Diaz, A., Barruti, M., Doncel, C., (1992) The Lines of Success? A Study on the Nature and Extent of Cocaine Use in Barcelona, , Barcelona: Laboratorio de Sociología ICESBDygment, P.G., The adolescent athlete and ergogenic aids (1987) J Adolesc Health Care, 8, pp. 68-73Friedl, K.E., Yesalis, C.E., Self-treatment of gynecomastia in body-builders who use anabolic steroids (1989) Psy Sports Med, 17, pp. 67-79Goldberg, L., Bents, R., Bosworth, E., Trevisan, L., Elliot, D.L., Anabolic steroid education and adolescents: Do scare tatics work? (1991) Pediatrics, 87 (3), pp. 283-286Grossman, C.J., Interations between the gonadal steroids and the immune system (1985) Science, 227, pp. 257-261Hurley, B.F., High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in body-builders vs. powerlifters-negative effects of androgen use (1984) JAMA, 252, pp. 507-513Johansson, P., Halberg, M., Kindlundh, A., Nyberg, The effect on opioid peptides in the rat brain, after chronic treatment with anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate (2000) Brain Res Bull, 51, pp. 413-418Johnson, M.D., Anabolic steroid use in adolescent athletes (1990) Pediatr Clin North Am, 37 (5), pp. 1111-1123Karch, S.B., (1993) The Patology of Drug Abuse, , USA: CRC PressKomoroski, E.M., Rickert, V.I., Adolescent body image and attitudes to anabolic steroid use (1992) Am J Dis Child, 146, pp. 823-828Kopera, H., The history of anabolic steroid and review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids (1985) Acta Endocrinol, 271, pp. 11-18Korkia, P., Stimson, G.V., (1993) Anabolic Steroid Use in Great Britain (an Exploratory Investigation), p. 4. , The Centre (For Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour)Lamb, D.R., Anabolic steroids in athletics: How well do they work and how dangerous are they? (1994) Amer J Sports Med, 12, pp. 31-37Landry, G.L., Primos, W.A., Anabolic steroid abuse (1990) Adv Pediatr, 37, pp. 185-205Levandowski, R., McIerney, V.K., Scott, D.I., Anabolic steroids: Performance enhancers? (1991) N J Med, 88, pp. 663-664Lukas, S.E., CNS effects and abuse liability of anabolic-androgenic steroids (1996) Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 36, pp. 333-357Minayo, M.C.S., (1993) O Desafio do Conhecimento: Pesquisa Qualitativa em Saúde, , São Paulo: Hucitec-AbrascoMurad, F., Haynes, R.C., (1996) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 7th Ed., , Goodman LS, Guilman A, Rall TW et al., editors. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co(1997) NIDA Notes. Research Advances, p. 12Patton, M.Q., (1990) Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, , London: Sage PublicationsPorcerelli, J.H., Sandler, B.A., Narcissism and Empathy in Steroid Users (1995) Am J Psychiatry, 152, pp. 1672-1674Pope, H., Kouri, E.M., Hudson, J.I., Effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone on mood and agression in normal men (2000) Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57, pp. 133-140Pope, H.G., Phillips, K.A., Olivardia, R., (2000) The Adonis Complex (The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession), , New York: The Free PressSiegel, R.K., New patterns of cocaine use: Changing doses and routes (1985) Cocaine Use in America: Epidemiologic and Clinical Perspective, , Kozel N, Adams EH, editors. Rockville: NIDA - USASpano, F., Ryan, W.G., Tamoxifen for gynecomastia induced by anabolic steroids? (1984) N Engl J Med, 311, pp. 861-862Strauss, R.H., Liggett, M.T., Lanese, R.R., Anabolic steroid use and abuse and perceived effects in to weight-trained women athletes (1985) JAMA, 253, pp. 2871-2873(1994) Qualitative Research for Health Programmes, , Geneva: WHO - Division of Mental HealthWhyte, W.F., (1943) Street Corner Society, , Chicago: University of Chicago PressWilson, J.D., Androgen abuse by athletes (1988) Endocrinol Rev, 9, pp. 181-199Wilson, J.D., Aiman, J., Mac Donald, P.C., The patogenesis of gynecomastia (1980) Adv in Intern Med, 25, pp. 1-32Wilson, J.D., Griffin, J.E., The use and misuse of androgens (1980) Metabolism, 29, pp. 1278-129

Modelagem do volume do povoamento para Mimosa scabrella Benth. na regição metropolitana de Curitiba Stand volume modelling of Mimosa scabrella benth. from Curitiba metropolitan region

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi modelar o volume total com casca do povoamento da bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth.). Coletaram-se dados em bracatingais com regeneração induzida pelo fogo, em 14 municípios da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC), Estado do Paraná - Brasil. Utilizou-se uma base de dados constituída por 229 unidades amostrais de 100 a 400 m². Em cada parcela, mensurou-se o diâmetro à altura do peito, bem como a altura total de todas as árvores, em bracatingais de 3 a 18 anos de idade. Para a estimativa do volume total com casca, testaram-se vários modelos de regressão selecionados da literatura, o que gerou uma matriz com 58 variáveis independentes, visando construir modelos por meio do método Stepwise. As equações de melhor ajuste foram validadas utilizando-se o teste Qui-quadrado, a análise gráfica de resíduos e o erro-padrão da estimativa. Várias equações tiveram bom desempenho, apresentaram valores de coeficiente de determinação ajustados superiores a 0,995, erro-padrão da estimativa inferior a 3% e adequada distribuição de resíduos. As duas equações de melhor desempenho foram validadas, apresentando erro-padrão da estimativa de 2,37% e 2,13%, valor não-significativo para o teste do Qui-quadrado e equilibrada distribuição dos resíduos.<br>The objective of this research was to model the stand volume outside bark of Mimosa scabrella Benth. stands, from the Curitiba Metropolitan Region (CMR), Parana State - Brazil. To reach this aim, a database of 229 permanent and temporary sample plots measuring from 100 to 400 m² each, from 14 municipalities in the CMR, was used. In each sample plot, the diameter at breast height and the total height of all 3- to 18-year-old bracatinga trees were measured. To estimate the total volume, regression models selected from the literature were tested. A set of 58 independent variables was generated also to construct models by the Stepwise method. The equations of best fitting were validated by the Chi square tests ( 2), residual graphic analysis, and the absolute and relative standard error of estimate. Several equations showed good performance, adjusted coefficient of determination higher than 0.995, relative standard error of estimate lower than 3% and adequate residual distribution. The best two equations presented Syx: 2.37% and Syx: 2.13%, non-significant values for the &#967;2 test and unbiased distribution of the residuals