Differences in point models of small and mini volleyball in girls categorix

Mini in mala odbojka sta igri, kjer so pravila prilagojena otrokom do 12. leta. S temi pravili jim omogočimo čim hitrejše učenje odbojke glede na njihove lastnosti, sposobnosti in znanja v določeni starostni skupini. Od »velike« odbojke se mala in mini odbojka razlikujeta v velikosti in teži žoge, višini mreže, velikosti igrišča, številu igralcev in pravilih. Na osnovi video posnetkov finalnih tekem v kategoriji deklic mini odbojke in finalnih tekem v kategoriji deklic male odbojke v sezoni 2017/2018 smo ugotavljali nekatere značilnosti igre (dolžino trajanja tekme, dolžino trajanja niza, dolžino aktivne in pasivne faze igre). Analizirali smo vse tehnične prvine (servis, sprejem servisa, podajo, napad, blok in obrambo). S pomočjo rezultatov deleža točk in napak smo izdelali točkovni model za mini odbojko in malo odbojko. Dobljena točkovna modela smo primerjali med seboj ter ugotavljali razlike v odbojkarskih prvinah med posameznima kategorijama. Ugotovili smo, da so tekme male odbojke v povprečju daljše od tekem mini odbojke. V obeh kategorijah je pasivna faza daljša od aktivne faze. Igralke pri mini odbojki največ točk dosežejo z zgornjim/spodnjim odbojem, pri mali odbojki pa z udarcem, medtem ko v obeh kategorijah v napadu največkrat uporabijo zgornji odboj. V obeh kategorijah največ točk ekipe dosežejo z napadom, potem točkami nasprotnika, sledijo še točke bloka in servisa. Pri mini odbojki več točk dosežejo s servisom kot z blokom. Pri mali odbojki je ravno obratno. Magistrsko delo je lahko pripomoček trenerjem pri načrtovanju procesa treniranja. Podatke svojih ekip bodo lahko primerjali z rezultati, dobljenimi v naši raziskavi, ter tako načrtovali treninge v smeri, da bi se čim bolj približali točkovnemu modelu mini in male odbojke, ki sta bila izdelana s tem magistrskim delom.Mini and small volleyball are games where the rules are adapted to children up to 12 years of age. With these rules, we enable them the quickest way possible to learn volleyball, according to their characteristics, abilities and knowledge in specific age groups. Small and mini volleyball differ from normal volleyball in the size and weight of the ball, height of the net, size of the court, number of players and rules. We reseached the characteristics of the game (lenght of the game, lenght of a set, lenght of pasive and active game) on the basis of videotapes of final games of small and mini volleyball in girls category in the season 2017/2018. We analysed all the technical aspects of the game (serve, reception of a serve, pass, attack, block, defense). Based on the percentage of points and mistakes, we created a point model for mini and small volleyball. We compared the point models and researched the differences in volleyball elements between those two categories. We have found that the games of small volleyball are on average longer than the games in mini volleyball. In both categories the passive phase of the game is longer than the active phase. In mini volleyball the players got more points with upper/ lower pass, while in small volleyball they got most points with an attack. Meanwhile in both categories the teams got most points with attack, then with the opponents points, followed by the points of block and serve. In mini volleyball more points were achieved with a serve than with a block. In small volleyball the results are opposite. The master thesis can be a tool for the coaches in the training process. They can compare the data of their teams with the results of our reasearch and later plan the traning in the direction closest to the ponit model made in this master thesis

Electropermeabilization of endocytotic vesicles in B16 F1 mouse melanoma cells

It has been reported previously that electric pulses of sufficiently high voltage and short duration can permeabilize the membranes of various organelles inside living cells. In this article, we describe electropermeabilization of endocytotic vesicles in B16 F1 mouse melanoma cells. The cells were exposed to short, high-voltage electric pulses (from 1 to 20 pulses, 60 ns, 50 kV/cm, repetition frequency 1 kHz). We observed that 10 and 20 such pulses induced permeabilization of membranes of endocytotic vesicles, detected by release of lucifer yellow from the vesicles into the cytosol. Simultaneously, we detected uptake of propidium iodide through plasma membrane in the same cells. With higher number of pulses permeabilization of the membranes of endocytotic vesicles by pulses of given parameters is accompanied by permeabilization of plasma membrane. However, with lower number of pulses only permeabilization of the plasma membrane was detected

Sexual assault on a minor - current dilemmas and case law

Spolni napad na mladoletno osebo predstavlja eno izmed najbolj zavržnih dejanj, pri katerem se poseže v spolno nedotakljivost otrok. Inkriminacija spolnega napada na mladoletno osebo je pomemben del veljavnega spolnega kazenskega prava. Pomemben napredek v razvoju varovanja spolne integritete otrok je bil narejen šele v zadnjih 15. letih, ko so razvite države sprejele ustrezne zakone in novelirale že sprejete zakone na način, da so med drugim v ospredje postavile tudi varovanje spolne nedotakljivosti otrok oziroma mladoletnih oseb. Slovenski zakonodajalec se je odločil, da bo varoval spolno integriteto osebe mlajše od 15 let, saj ta glede na svojo starost in zrelost sama naj ne bi bila zmožna razumetni pomena in posledic spolnosti. Spolna zloraba je definirana kot vsaka spolna interakcija brez volje žrtve, brez soglasja ali pa je storjena na agresiven, izkoriščevalen, manipulativen ali grozeč način. Zlasti otroci so lahke žrtve, katere je moč prepričati v neprimerna spolna ravnanja, saj storilci kaznivih dejanj spolnega napada na mladoletnike uporabljajo različne tehnike podkupovanja in prigovarjanja žrtve. Sama inkriminacija spolnega napada na osebo mlajšo od 15 let, vsebovana v Kazenskem zakoniku temelji na Konvenciji o otrokovih pravicah in pravnih aktih Evropske unije, katere zavezujejo države članice, da sprejmejo ustrezno zakonodajo, na podlagi katere bodo otroci varovani pred vsakim spolnim ravnanjem proti njihovi volji. Ker pa v zakonski okvir potencialnih žrtev kaznivega dejanja spadajo tako majhni otroci kakor tudi pubertetniki pred dopolnjenim 15. letom starosti, je zakonodajalec moral zakonsko urediti izjemo, ki ne predstavlja protipravnega ravanja v primeru spolnih ravnanj vrstnikov. Sama ureditev zakonodajalca je ponesrečena glede na samo zakonsko besedilo, saj je potrebno za izključitev protipravnosti ravnanja vrstnikov izpolniti dva zakonska pogoja, to sta sorazmerno starost ter zrelost. Prav zaradi absolutno določene starostne nesposobnosti odločanja o spolnem življenju, katero je zakonodajalec postavil na dopolnjeno 15. leto, se je s strani teoretikov vzbudila kritika neprimerne odločitve zakonodajalca, gledano na zakonsko določbo o kazenski odgovornosti, katero dosežejo posamezniki z dopolnjenim 14. letom starosti. Pri absolutno določeni starostni meji zakonodajalec v obzir ne vzame elementa zrelosti in telesne razvitosti, kar bi bilo potrebno, da bi se izognili diskriminaciji na podlagi starosti. Sodna praksa slovenskih sodišč dosledno varuje načelo spolne samoodločbe posameznika, še posebej pa otrok, v kolikor do sodnega postopka sploh pride, saj je večina storilcev z žrtvijo v sorodnem razmerju, kar posledično pomeni, da veliko primerov zaradi strahu žrtve spolne zlorabe niti ne naznani.Sexual assault on a minor is one of the most reprehensible acts of interfering with the sexual integrity of children. The incrimination of sexual assault on a minor is an important part of applicable sexual criminal law. Significant progress in the development of protection of the sexual integrity of children has been made in the last 15 years, when developed countries adopted appropriate laws and amended already adopted laws in such way, as to focus on the protection of sexual integrity of children and minors. The Slovenian legislator has decided to protect the sexual integrity of a person under the age of 15, as he or she is not capable of understanding the meaning and consequences of sexual behaviour due to his or her age and maturity. Sexual abuse is defined as any sexual interaction without the will of the victim, without consent, or committed in an aggressive, exploitative, manipulative, or threatening manner. In particular, children are easy victims who can be persuaded into inappropriate sexual conduct, as perpetrators use various techniques of bribing and grooming the victim. The very incrimination of sexual assault on the person under the age of 15 contained in the Criminal Code is based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the legal acts of the European Union, which oblige Member States to adopt appropriate legislation to protect children from any sexual conduct against their will. However, since the legal framework of potential victims of crime includes both young children and adolescents under the age of 15, the legislator had to legislate an exception that does not constitute unlawful conduct in the case of sexual acts by peers. The regulation of the legislator itself is unfortunate, according to the legal text itself, as it is necessary to meet two legal conditions, proportional age and maturity, in order to exclude the illegality of peer behavior. Precisely due to the absolute age of inability to decide on sexual life, which the legislator set at the age of 15, theorists have criticized the inappropriate decision of the legislator, given the statutory provision on criminal liability achieved by individuals over 14 years of age. With an absolute age limit, the legislator does not take into account the element of maturity and physical development, which would be necessary to avoid discrimination bases on the age. The case law of Slovenian courts consistently protects the principle of sexual self-determination of an individual, especially a child, in the event of legal proceedings. But there is a big number of cases, that go unreportet, as most perpetrators are related to the victim

A PUPPET, EVERYDAY COMPANION OF A 2-3 YEAR OLD CHILD

V diplomski nalogi, ki nosi naslov Lutka, vsakdanja spremljevalka otroka v starostnem obdobju 2-3 let, je predstavljeno projektno vzgojno delo, potek izdelave lutke ljubljenčka, ki z otroki preživlja dneve v vrtcu.In my diploma thesis A puppet, everyday companion of a 2-3 year old child I present an educational research project, a procedure of making a puppet and the \u27pet puppet\u27 which spends most of the the days with a child in the kindergarden

History of steel structures

Naloga opisuje razvoj jeklenih konstrukcij skozi čas. V prvem poglavju je opisana zgodovina jekla, nekaj besed pa je namenjenih tudi pridobivanju železa pri nas. V besedilu najdemo načine gradnje mostov ter visokogradenj v svetu in pri nas.The diploma work describes the development of steel structures over time. The first part describes the history of iron and steel as a material. The construction methods of bridges and buildings through centuries are given in continuation. The greatest achievements in the construction of steel structures, constructed recently, are also presented. At last, the third section describes the development of bridges and buildings build by steel in Slovenia