BeeXrayIndiv_Tiff

BeeXrayIndiv_Tif

BeeXraydata_Tiff

BeeXraydata_Tif

ReadMe_new

A Readme file

WingPosition

An Excel file containing data of wing angle of 9 bees

A Compact Intermediate State of Calmodulin in the Process of Target Binding

Calmodulin undergoes characteristic conformational changes by binding Ca²⁺, which allows it to bind to more than 300 target proteins and regulate numerous intracellular processes in all eukaryotic cells. We measured the conformational changes of calmodulin upon Ca²⁺ and mastoparan binding using the time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering technique combined with flash photolysis of caged calcium. This measurement system covers the time range of 0.5–180 ms. Within 10 ms of the stepwise increase in Ca²⁺ concentration, we identified a distinct compact conformational state with a drastically different molecular dimension. This process is too fast to study with a conventional stopped-flow apparatus. The compact conformational state was also observed without mastoparan, indicating that the calmodulin forms a compact globular conformation by itself upon Ca²⁺ binding. This new conformational state of calmodulin seems to regulate Ca²⁺ binding and conformational changes in the N-terminal domain. On the basis of this finding, an allosteric mechanism, which may have implications in intracellular signal transduction, is proposed

Images of a) porcine; b) ranine; c) murine; d) newt; e) piscine eyes in the sagittal plane.

<p>The position of the equatorial plane is marked with the blue arrow and the optic axis, along which the sagittal refractive index profiles were measured, is marked with a red arrow. The scale bars in the right hand lower corner are equal to a) 4 mm (porcine); b) 2 mm (ranine); c) 1 mm (murine); d) 0.5 mm (newt); e) 1 mm (piscine).</p

Refractive index profiles in the equatorial planes of three representative porcine (a),c) and e)) and three representative murine (b),d) and f)) lenses.

<p>Arrows point to discontinuities in the profiles.</p

Widths of equatorial and sagittal refractive index profiles and the proportions of each profile with refractive index equal to and above a given value in lenses from five species.

<p>Widths of equatorial and sagittal refractive index profiles and the proportions of each profile with refractive index equal to and above a given value in lenses from five species.</p

Pictorial representation of isoindicial contours of refractive index in a lens where the contours in the inner regions of the lens are wider in the sagittal than in the equatorial plane.

<p>Pictorial representation of isoindicial contours of refractive index in a lens where the contours in the inner regions of the lens are wider in the sagittal than in the equatorial plane.</p

Second order polynomial functions fitted to refractive index profiles in the equatorial planes of lenses from five species.

<p>Second order polynomial functions fitted to refractive index profiles in the equatorial planes of lenses from five species.</p