Markedness, Frequency: Can We Predict the Order of Acquisition of Consonants?

International audienceSeveral recent studies have discussed the role of frequency in the acquisition of phonemic contrasts. The aim of this paper is to test two competing hypotheses on data composed of productions from 26 French-speaking children, aged from 3;07 to 4;05. The first hypothesis is that phoneme frequency determines the order of acquisition of consonants. The second one is that feature frequency determines the order of acquisition of consonants. Then, we will show that feature frequency is a better predictor than phoneme frequency in our data. Finally, we will propose that feature frequency can define the traditional notion of markedness

Quelles données pour l’analyse phonologique de la parole aphasique ?

Cette étude se focalise sur différentes méthodes utilisées pour l’analyse phonologique de la parole aphasique. Nous comparons des tâches expérimentales de répétition et de dénomination d’image, des tâches d’élicitation semi-structurées et de la parole naturelle. Nous montrons que le type de mots rencontrés, le type de consonnes ou encore le nombre de productions diffèrent selon la tâche. Si les protocoles expérimentaux permettent d’obtenir toutes les cibles voulues, les tâches d’élicitation semi-structurée permettent d’avoir un plus grand nombre d’occurrences de sons et de mots et des productions subissant des transformations différentes.This study focuses on different methods used for the phonological analysis of aphasic speech. We compare experimental tasks (repetition and picture naming), semi-structured elicitation tasks and natural speech. We show that word types, consonant types and the number of production occurrences vary according to the task. Experimental protocols allow obtaining all wanted targets and semi-structured elicitation tasks allow having a greater number of occurrences of sounds and words, and different segmental transformations

Will Preoperative Atrophy and Fatty Degeneration of the Shoulder Muscles Improve after Rotator Cuff Repair in Patients with Massive Rotator Cuff Tears?

Recently, retear rate after repair for massive cuff tear have been improved through devised suture techniques. However, reported retear rate is relevant to preoperative atrophy and fatty degeneration. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether preoperative atrophy and fatty degeneration of rotator cuff muscles improve by successful repair. Twenty-four patients with massive rotator cuff tear were evaluated on the recovery of atrophy and fatty degeneration of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle after surgery. Atrophy was classified by the occupation ratio and fatty degeneration by modified Goutallier's classification. Both were assessed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after the operation. When the cuff was well repaired, improvement of the atrophy and fatty degeneration were observed in a half and a one-fourth of the cases, respectively. In retear cases, however, atrophy and fatty degeneration became worse. Improvement of atrophy and fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles may be expected in the cases with successful achievement of rotator cuff repair for large and massive tear

Endothelium-derived Hyperpolarizing Factor (EDHF) Mediates Endothelium-dependent Vasodilator Effects of Aqueous Extracts from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Leaves in Rat Mesenteric Resistance Arteries

The vascular effects of an aqueous extract prepared from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (ELE), a medicinal herb commonly used in antihypertensive herbal prescriptions in China, were investigated in rat mesenteric resistance arteries. The mesenteric vascular bed was perfused with Krebs solution and the perfusion pressure was measured with a pressure transducer. In preparations with an intact endothelium and precontracted with 7&#956;M methoxamine, perfusion of ELE (10&#65293;7&#65293;10&#65293;2mg/ml for 15min) caused a concentration-dependent vasodilatation, which was abolished by chemical removal of the endothelium. The ELE-induced vasodilatation was inhibited by neither indomethacin (INDO, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) nor NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME, a nitric oxide inhibitor). The ELE-induced vasodilatation was significantly inhibited by tetraethylammonium (TEA, a K+ channel blocker) and 18&#945;-glycyrrhetinic acid (18&#945;-GA, a gap-junction inhibitor), and abolished by high K+ -containing Krebs&#700; solution. Atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) significantly inhibited the vasodilatation induced by ELE at high concentrations. These results suggest that the ELE-induced vasodilatation is endothelium-dependent but nitric oxide (NO)- and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2)-independent, and is mainly mediated by the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in the mesenteric resistance arteries. Furthermore, the ELE-induced EDHF-mediated response involves the activation of K+-channels and gap junctions.</p

The association between upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and internal radiation exposure in residents living in areas affected by the Chernobyl nuclear accident

Many people living around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) have been exposed to 137Cs for several decades after the CNPP accident. Although half-life of 137Cs is about 30 years, some wild forest foodstuffs are contaminated by 137Cs even now. We pointed out in a previous report that low-dose internal radiation has been occasionally detected in people’s body. Moreover, some doctors in local hospitals have claimed that internal exposure from contaminated foodstuffs may affect the digestive organs and possibly cause gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Thus, we attempt to assess whether internal radiation exposure affects digestive organs or not, and the possible factors that influence digestive organs. Overall, 1,612 residents were assessed for internal 137Cs concentration using Whole-Body Counter and their digestive organs were screened with upper GI endoscopy from 2016–2018 in the Zhytomyr region, Ukraine. All participants answered to the questionnaire including their background, intake of wild forest foodstuff, intake frequency, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption. We checked the number of upper GI endoscopic diagnosis per person to assess the extent of damage to the upper digestive organs. Next, we statistically analyzed associations between this number and age, sex, level of internal exposure dose, alcohol consumption, wild forest foodstuff intake, and smoking. Consequently, we revealed that the number of GI diagnosis is significantly increased by factors such as sex, intake of wild forest foodstuff, and alcohol consumption. However, the average level of internal exposure of 137Cs and smoking did not relate to the number of GI diagnosis. Thus, the results of multiple regression revealed that alcohol consumption is independently related to the number of GI diagnosis that is most likely accompanied by the intake of wild forest foodstuff. In conclusion, the low-dose internal exposure may not affect the digestive organs of residents living around CNPP

フィッシュボウル方式のディスカッション練習における学習者のビデオアノテーション結果の分析

National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsHitotsubashi University会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2021, 開催地: オンライン, 会期: 2021年9月13日-14日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター我々はこれまでディスカッション練習などの教育活動の観察とふりかえりを支援するために，モバイル型の観察支援システムFishWatchr Mini（以後，FWM）を開発し，大学の授業におけるディスカッション練習に導入してきた。この練習ではフィッシュボウル方式を採用し，自らのグループのディスカッションと他のグループのディスカッションをFWMで観察する。そして，観察結果はビデオアノテーションとして記録され，自らのグループ，および，他のグループとの合同でのふりかえりで活用される。本発表では，学習者のビデオアノテーションをふりかえり活動の支援に活用することを目的として，ビデオアノテーション結果の分析を行う。分析は，観察の八つの観点（「意見の多様さ」「対等な関係性」など）と評価（「いいね」「うーん⋯」）の点から，(a)自グループ内での各メンバーの特徴，(b)グループ間での特徴を可視化することにより行う。本稿では，これまでの実践で得られている2グループのアノテーション結果を可視化し，グループのメンバー間，および，グループ間の相違点，類似点を示すとともに，ふりかえり時に参照するのに適したシーンを抽出する

フィッシュボウル方式のディスカッション練習に向けたモバイル型観察支援システムの拡張と観察活動の検証

National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsHitotsubashi University会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2020, 開催地: オンライン, 会期: 2020年9月8日−9日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センター我々はこれまでディスカッション練習などの教育活動の観察とふりかえりを支援するために，モバイル型の観察支援システムFishWatchr Mini（以後，FWM）を開発してきた。FWMを用いた観察では，(1)学習者がリアルタイムの活動に対して，ボタン選択式でアノテーションを行い，(2) 観察後，観察者全員のアノテーション結果と活動のビデオとを同期・視覚化することにより，グループでのふりかえり活動を支援する。本発表では，フィッシュボウル方式のディスカッション練習にFWMを導入する方法を示す。また，導入時のFWMの機能拡張として，ふりかえり時のビデオ参照機能について説明した。提案した導入方法と拡張されたFWMを用いて，3回のディスカッション練習を大学の授業の中で実践した。実践の結果，FWMのふりかえり支援機能，および，ディスカッション練習時のビデオ映像によって，導入方法として示したふりかえり方法が有効に機能しうることを確認した

観察支援システムFishWatchr Miniにおけるビデオ参照機能の実現

National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsHitotsubashi University会議名：日本教育工学会2019年秋季全国大会　開催地：名古屋国際会議場　会期：2019.09.08我々は，観察支援システムFishWatchr Mini (以後，FWM)を開発し，ディスカッション練習などの協同型の教育活動で，グループでの観察・振り返り活動を実践してきた。本稿では，観察したシーンを振り返り時にビデオで参照できるようFWMを機能拡張した結果を報告する。本拡張では，ビデオ共有時の運用のしさすさと個人情報保護の問題に考慮しつつ，ネットワーク上のビデオの参照を実現した

Evaluation of Environmental Contamination and Estimated Radiation Doses for the Return to Residents’ Homes in Kawauchi Village, Fukushima Prefecture

To evaluate the environmental contamination and radiation exposure dose rates due to artificial radionuclides in Kawauchi Village, Fukushima Prefecture, the restricted area within a 30-km radius from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP), the concentrations of artificial radionuclides in soil samples, tree needles, and mushrooms were analyzed by gamma spectrometry. Nine months have passed since samples were collected on December 19 and 20, 2011, 9 months after the FNPP accident, and the prevalent dose-forming artificial radionuclides from all samples were 134Cs and 137Cs. The estimated external effective doses from soil samples were 0.42-7.2 μSv/h (3.7-63.0 mSv/y) within the 20-km radius from FNPP and 0.0011-0.38 μSv/h (0.010-3.3 mSv/y) within the 20-30 km radius from FNPP. The present study revealed that current levels are sufficiently decreasing in Kawauchi Village, especially in areas within the 20- to 30-km radius from FNPP. Thus, residents may return their homes with long-term follow-up of the environmental monitoring and countermeasures such as decontamination and restrictions of the intake of foods for reducing unnecessary exposure. The case of Kawauchi Village will be the first model for the return to residents\u27 homes after the FNPP accident