Perfil de pacientes que evoluem para óbito por tuberculose no município de São Paulo, 2002

OBJECTIVE: To profile adult patients dying of tuberculosis in the city of São Paulo with respect to biological, environmental and institutional factors. METHODS: Descriptive study covering all tuberculosis deaths (N=416) among individuals aged over 15 years in 2002. Data were obtained from hospital records, the local Mortality Information System, Coroner's Service, and tuberculosis Surveillance System. The estimates of relative risk and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were based on the reference group, i.e., females aged 15 to 29 years, originally from the State of São Paulo (Brazil). A comparative analysis was conducted using Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Of all tuberculosis deaths identified, 78% had pulmonary form. Tuberculosis diagnosis was made after death in 30% and in primary health care units in 14%. Of them, 44% had not started treatment; 49% were not notified; and 76% were men. The median age was 51 years; 52% had up to four years of schooling; 4% were probably living in the streets. Mortality rate increased with age; it was 5.0/100,000 for the entire city, ranging between zero to 35 according to the district. Previous treatment was reported for 82 out of 232 patients, and of them, 41 defaulted treatment. Diabetes (16%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (19%), HIV infection (11%), smoking (71%), and alcohol abuse (64%) were also reported. CONCLUSIONS: Adult males over 50, migrants and living in lower Human Development Index districts were more likely to die of tuberculosis. Low schooling and comorbidities are relevant characteristics. Low involvement of primary care units in tuberculosis diagnosis and high underreporting of cases were also seen.OBJETIVO: Describir el perfil de pacientes adultos residentes en el municipio de São Paulo (Sureste de Brasil) que evolucionaron a óbito asociado con tuberculosis, según factores biológicos, ambientales e institucionales. MÉTODOS: Se realizó estudio descriptivo, abarcando todos los óbitos por tuberculosis (N=416) ocurridos en 2002, entre mayores de 15 años. Los datos analizados fueron obtenidos del Sistema Municipal de Informaciones de Mortalidad, prontuarios hospitalares, Servicio de Verificación de Óbitos y Sistema de Vigilancia de Tuberculosis. Los cálculos de riesgos relativos e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC 95%) tuvieron como referencia el sexo femenino, grupo de 15 a 29 años, y los naturales del Estado de Sao Paulo. El análisis comparativo uso la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y el exacto de Fisher para variables categóricas y la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para variables continuas. RESULTADOS: Del total de óbitos, 78% presentaron la forma pulmonar; el diagnóstico fue efectuado posterior a la muerte en 30% y en unidades de atención primaria en 14% de los casos; 44% no iniciaron tratamiento; 49% no fueron notificados; 76% eran hombres y la edad mediana fue de 51 años; 52% tenían cuatro años de estudio, 4% probablemente vivían en las calles. Las tasas de mortalidad aumentaban con la edad, con un valor de 5,0/100.000 en el municipio, variando de cero a 35, dependiendo del distrito. Para 82 de 232 pacientes con registro de tratamiento, había registro de tratamiento anterior, y de esos, 41 lo habían abandonado. Se comprobó presencia de diabetes (16%), enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (19%), HIV (11%), tabaquismo (71%) y alcoholismo (64%) en los pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: Los hombres por encima de los 50 años, migrantes y residentes en distritos con bajo Índice de Desarrollo Humano presentaron mayores riesgos de óbito. La baja escolaridad y presentar co-morbilidad son características importantes. Se observo baja participación de las unidades básicas de salud en el diagnóstico y una elevada sub-notificación.OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil de pacientes adultos residentes no município de São Paulo que evoluíram para óbito associado à tuberculose, segundo fatores biológicos, ambientais e institucionais. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, abrangendo todos os óbitos por tuberculose (N=416) ocorridos em 2002, entre maiores de 15 anos. Os dados analisados foram obtidos do Sistema Municipal de Informações de Mortalidade, prontuários hospitalares, Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos e Sistema de Vigilância de Tuberculose. Os cálculos dos riscos relativos e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) tiveram como referência o sexo feminino, grupo de 15 a 29 anos, e os naturais do Estado de São Paulo. A análise comparativa usou o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e o exato de Fisher para variáveis categóricas e o teste Kruskal-Wallis para variáveis contínuas. RESULTADOS: Do total de óbitos, 78% apresentavam a forma pulmonar; o diagnóstico foi efetuado após a morte em 30% e em unidades de atendimento primário em 14% dos casos; 44% não iniciaram tratamento; 49% não foram notificados; 76% eram homens e a mediana da idade foi de 51 anos; 52% tinham até quatro anos de estudo, 4% eram prováveis moradores de rua. As taxas de mortalidade aumentavam com a idade, sendo de 5,0/100.000 no município, variando de zero a 35, conforme o distrito. Para 82 de 232 pacientes com registro de tratamento, havia referência de tratamento anterior, e desses, 41 o haviam abandonado. Constatou-se presença de diabetes (16%), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (19%), HIV (11%), tabagismo (71%) e alcoolismo (64%) nos pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: Homens acima de 50 anos, migrantes e residentes em distritos com baixo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano apresentam maiores riscos de óbito. A pouca escolaridade e apresentar co-morbidades são características importantes. Observou-se baixa participação das unidades básicas de saúde no diagnóstico e a elevada sub-notificação

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

A existência de tuberculose na infância é um bom indicador da extensão da doença bacilífera e daineficiência do controle do agravo na população adulta. Objetivo: descrever o perfil clínico eepidemiológico de crianças e adolescentes que evoluíram clinicamente com tuberculose. Método:Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de levantamento de dados de prontuários envolvendo todos ospacientes com o diagnóstico de tuberculose, assistidos na unidade de internação e ambulatório depneumologia de um Hospital Infantil da Secretaria Estadual da Saúde de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, noperíodo de 31/07/2005 a 31/07/2010. Resultados: Foram diagnosticados 45 casos de tuberculose,a maioria na faixa etária de menores de 4 anos de idade e adolescentes, todos vacinados com BCGID. A forma clínica mais comum foi a pulmonar seguida da pleural e meníngea. Dos casos atendidos,98% procuraram o hospital espontaneamente para investigação diagnóstica. Tosse e febre foram ossintomas mais relatados. Dos casos levantados, 18 (40%) possuíam contatos intradomiciliares comadultos portadores de tuberculose pulmonar. As características radiológicas mais encontradas forama opacidade e o derrame pleural. Dos casos investigados 32,5% apresentaram positividade paraidentificação de micobactéria. A maioria dos pacientes era fortes reatores à prova tuberculínica. Atuberculose na infância é um aspecto negligenciado, na maioria das vezes, na avaliação decomunicantes de um adulto com tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera. Frequentemente as crianças sãoassistidas quando apresentam sintomas da doença já instalada. O controle de comunicantes é umaforma precoce e eficiente de diagnosticar e tratar crianças com tuberculose, reduzindo o sofrimentoe diminuindo a chance de aparecimento de formas graves da doença.The presence of tuberculosis in childhood is a good indicator of the extent of the disease bacilíferaand inefficiency of control of the tort in the adult population. In order to describe the clinical andepidemiological profile of cases of children and adolescents which evolved clinically with tuberculosis.Was held a retrospective study of survey data from patient records involving all patients with thediagnosis of tuberculosis assisted on inpatient and outpatient de pneumologia of a children’s Hospitalpublic in the city of São Paulo from 2005 to 2010. 45 cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed, mostaged under 4 years of age and adolescents, all vaccinated with BCG ID. The most common clinicalform was followed by pulmonary and pleural meningeal. Of cases handled, 98% spontaneously todiagnostic research hospital. Cough and fever symptoms were reported. Of the cases raised, 18(40%) had contacts with intradomiciliares of adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. The  radiological characteristics were found more opacity and the pleural effusion. Of the cases investigated 32.5% presented positivity for identification of Mycobacteria. Most patients was strong proof reactorstuberculínica. Tuberculosis in childhood is a neglected aspect, for the most part, in the evaluation ofadult communicating with pulmonary tuberculosis bacilífera. Often children are assisted when disease symptoms are already installed. Interconnecting control is a way early and efficiently diagnose andtreat children with tuberculosis, reducing suffering and reducing the chance of an outbreak of severeforms of the disease

Profile of tuberculosis patients progressing to death, city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2002.

OBJECTIVE: To profile adult patients dying of tuberculosis in the city of São Paulo with respect to biological, environmental and institutional factors. METHODS: Descriptive study covering all tuberculosis deaths (N=416) among individuals aged over 15 years in 2002. Data were obtained from hospital records, the local Mortality Information System, Coroner's Service, and tuberculosis Surveillance System. The estimates of relative risk and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were based on the reference group, i.e., females aged 15 to 29 years, originally from the State of São Paulo (Brazil). A comparative analysis was conducted using Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Of all tuberculosis deaths identified, 78% had pulmonary form. Tuberculosis diagnosis was made after death in 30% and in primary health care units in 14%. Of them, 44% had not started treatment; 49% were not notified; and 76% were men. The median age was 51 years; 52% had up to four years of schooling; 4% were probably living in the streets. Mortality rate increased with age; it was 5.0/100,000 for the entire city, ranging between zero to 35 according to the district. Previous treatment was reported for 82 out of 232 patients, and of them, 41 defaulted treatment. Diabetes (16%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (19%), HIV infection (11%), smoking (71%), and alcohol abuse (64%) were also reported. CONCLUSIONS: Adult males over 50, migrants and living in lower Human Development Index districts were more likely to die of tuberculosis. Low schooling and comorbidities are relevant characteristics. Low involvement of primary care units in tuberculosis diagnosis and high underreporting of cases were also seen