How long does treated supracondylar humerus fracture in children take to recover elbow range?

Background: Our goal was to address requirement of physiotherapy after treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures in children and evaluate result of casting on elbow without injury using control group of distal forearm fractures.Methods: 57 cases of supracondylar fractures were included in this retrospective study and compared with group of 54 children with distal forearm fractures treated with long arm casting for 28 days. Passive elbow ROM was checked with goniometer on day of cast removal, 2 weeks later, and then every month until the elbow ROM returned to 95% ROM (ROM-95) of uninjured side. No physiotherapy was given.Results: Average time in cast for supracondylar fracture group was 31.8 days and distal forearm fracture group was 32.4 days. The elbow total flexion angle reached a plateau of 139 degrees at 1month after cast removal whereas forearm group required less than 2 weeks. Total rotation ROM required half the time to reach 139 degrees in forearm group. From the paired t test it took more time for pronation to recover than supination in supracondylar fractures. In supracondylar group there was positive correlation between casting period and recovery period of ROM-95 elbow extension (p=0.021) and days of casting (p=0.021) and ROM-95 flexion recovery period. There was no statistically significant impact between casting and recovery period in other directions and recovery of ROM-95 & F-ROM and the subclassification and type of treatment of individual fractures.Conclusions: Lessons learned: thorough assessment of elbow function post cast removal, lack of need of physiotherapy in management protocol and elbow stiffness is related to initial injury and associated treatment not merely immobilisation

Optimal Capacitor Placement - A Bibliometric Survey

In this paper, Bibliometric survey has been carried out on Optimal Capacitor Placement from 1981 to 2021. Scopus database has been used for the analysis. There were total 909 documents found on the topic of Optimal Capacitor placement. The statistical analysis is carried out source-wise, year-wise, area-wise, Country-wise, University wise, author-wise, and based on funding agency. Network analysis is also carried out based on Co-authorship, Co-occurrence, Citation Analysis and Bibliographic coupling. Results are presented. During 2016, there were 77 documents published which is the highest. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems of Elsevier has published 37 documents during the period of study which is highest under the category of sources. VOSviewer 1.6.16 is the software that is used for statistical analysis and network analysis on the database. It provides a very effective way to analyze the co-authorship, co-occurrences, citations and bibliometric couplings etc. The source for all Tables and figures is www.scopus.com, The data is assessed on 6th June, 2021

Simulated Ka-and Ku-band radar altimeter height and freeboard estimation on snow-covered Arctic sea ice

Owing to differing and complex snow geophysical properties, radar waves of different wavelengths undergo variable penetration through snow-covered sea ice. However, the mechanisms influencing radar altimeter backscatter from snow-covered sea ice, especially at Ka-and Ku-band frequencies, and the impact on the Ka-and Ku-band radar scattering horizon or the "track point"(i.e. the scattering layer depth detected by the radar re-tracker) are not well understood. In this study, we evaluate the Ka-and Ku-band radar scattering horizon with respect to radar penetration and ice floe buoyancy using a first-order scattering model and the Archimedes principle. The scattering model is forced with snow depth data from the European Space Agency (ESA) climate change initiative (CCI) round-robin data package, in which NASA's Operation IceBridge (OIB) data and climatology are included, and detailed snow geophysical property profiles from the Canadian Arctic. Our simulations demonstrate that the Ka-and Ku-band track point difference is a function of snow depth; however, the simulated track point difference is much smaller than what is reported in the literature from the Ku-band CryoSat-2 and Ka-band SARAL/AltiKa satellite radar altimeter observations. We argue that this discrepancy in the Ka-and Ku-band track point differences is sensitive to ice type and snow depth and its associated geophysical properties. Snow salinity is first increasing the Ka-and Ku-band track point difference when the snow is thin and then decreasing the difference when the snow is thick (> 0:1 m). A relationship between the Ku-band radar scattering horizon and snow depth is found. This relationship has implications for (1) the use of snow climatology in the conversion of radar freeboard into sea ice thickness and (2) the impact of variability in measured snow depth on the derived ice thickness. For both (1) and (2), the impact of using a snow climatology versus the actual snow depth is relatively small on the radar freeboard, only raising the radar freeboard by 0.03 times the climatological snow depth plus 0.03 times the real snow depth. The radar freeboard is a function of both radar scattering and floe buoyancy. This study serves to enhance our understanding of microwave interactions towards improved accuracy of snow depth and sea ice thickness retrievals via the combination of the currently operational and ESA's forthcoming Ka-and Ku-band dualfrequency CRISTAL radar altimeter missions

Psycho-Social Behavioural Problems In Urban Primary School Children

Research Problem: What is the magnitude and correlates of psychosocial behavioural problems in primary school children of an urban area. Objectives:     i)    To  know  the  prevalence of psychosocial behavioural problems in primary school children of Agra Corporation.  ii) To see the impact of various biosocial factors on the prevalence of above problems. Design: Cross sectional study by questionnaire method and observation. Setting: Primary schools run by Agra Corporation. Participants: All the children studying in 7 primary schools selected from 108 schools run by Agra Corporation. Sample Size: 520 primary school children. Study Variables: Age, sex, socio-economic class and family size. Statistical Analysis: By percentage, Z - test and Chi-square test. Result: A majority of the study children (63.7%) were having some psychosocial behavioural problem or the other, the most common problem being educational difficulties (59.8%), The average number of problems per child was 2.9. The prevalence was highest in children from middle-sized families of low socio­economic class and in age group above 13 years

Krüppel-like factor 5 is a crucial mediator of intestinal tumorigenesis in mice harboring combined ApcMin and KRASV12 mutations

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Both mutational inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (<it>APC</it>) tumor suppressor gene and activation of the <it>KRAS </it>oncogene are implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Mice harboring a germline <it>Apc</it>^{<it>Min </it>}mutation or intestine-specific expression of the <it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12gene have been developed. Both mouse strains develop spontaneous intestinal tumors, including adenoma and carcinoma, though at a different age. The zinc finger transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) has previously been shown to promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and modulate intestinal tumorigenesis. Here we investigated the <it>in vivo </it>effect of <it>Klf5 </it>heterozygosity on the propensity of <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12double transgenic mice to develop intestinal tumors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At 12 weeks of age, <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12mice had three times as many intestinal tumors as <it>Apc</it>^{<it>Min </it>}mice. This increase in tumor number was reduced by 92% in triple transgenic <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12/<it>Klf5</it>^+/-mice. The reduction in tumor number in <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12/<it>Klf5</it>^+/-mice was also statistically significant compared to <it>Apc</it>^{<it>Min </it>}mice alone, with a 75% decrease. Compared with <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12, tumors from both <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12/<it>Klf5</it>^+/-and <it>Apc</it>^{<it>Min </it>}mice were smaller. In addition, tumors from <it>Apc</it>^{<it>Min </it>}mice were more distally distributed in the intestine as contrasted by the more proximal distribution in <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12and <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12/<it>Klf5</it>^+/-mice. Klf5 levels in the normal-appearing intestinal mucosa were higher in both <it>Apc</it>^{<it>Min </it>}and <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12mice but were attenuated in <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12/<it>Klf5</it>^+/-mice. The levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and Ki-67 were also reduced in the normal-appearing intestinal mucosa of <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12/<it>Klf5</it>^+/-mice when compared to <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12mice. Levels of pMek and pErk1/2 were elevated in the normal-appearing mucosa of <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12mice and modestly reduced in Apc^Min/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12/<it>Klf5</it>^+/-mice. Tumor tissues displayed higher levels of both Klf5 and β-catenin, irrespective of the mouse genotype from which tumors were derived.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Results of the current study confirm the cumulative effect of <it>Apc </it>loss and oncogenic <it>KRAS </it>activation on intestinal tumorigenesis. The drastic reduction in tumor number and size due to <it>Klf5 </it>heterozygosity in <it>Apc</it>^<it>Min</it>/<it>KRAS</it>^<it>V</it>12mice indicate a critical function of KLF5 in modulating intestinal tumor initiation and progression.</p

Obstetric hysterectomy in a tertiary centre: a 3-year retrospective study

Background: Obstetric hysterectomy (OH) is a life-saving procedure and involves removal of uterus in cases of intractable hemorrhage. This study includes 21 cases of OH in a period of 3 years at a tertiary centre. We sought to understand the prevalence, indications and outcomes of emergency obstetric hysterectomy. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study, conducted with the means of hospital delivery records in a tertiary care centre in Navi Mumbai. We included all patients who underwent obstetric hysterectomy in a span of 3 years between 1st April 2020 to 31st March 2023, in Dr. D.Y. Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India. Results: Twenty- one OH were done in the period of study. The incidence of obstetric hysterectomy was 0.45% (452 OH per 100,000 deliveries). It was more prevalent in patients with caesarean section compared to vaginal delivery. Women between the age 25-35 years group comprised of 57.15% cases. Out of the 21 women in the study 7 women were primigravida (33.33%). Most common cause for OH was observed to be uterine atony (42.85%) followed by adherent placenta (28.57%). Maternal morbidity like admission to intensive care unit and need for blood and blood product transfusion was noted in most patients, mortality was observed in only 1 case. Neonatal mortality was nil in this study but, admission to neonatal intensive care unit was required in 7 patients. Conclusions: Although, obstetric hysterectomy kills the future reproductive prospect for a woman, it is life saving for her. Timely decision for OH can not only prevent mortality but, also morbidity for the woman. Previous caesarean section and multigravida have higher incidence of OH. Atonicity is the predominant cause for obstetric hysterectomy in this study

Influence of cocoon stifling and storage on silk reeling performance and quality of muga raw silk

359-361The hot air electrical stifling study has been conducted to evaluate the influence of electrical stifling temperature, stifling hours and duration of cocoon preservation on reeling performance and quality of muga silk . Muga cocoons are reeled on motorised muga silk reeling machine. Electrical hot air stifling has shown superior reeling performance in comparison to smoke stifled and sun dried cocoons. The study has shown that raw silk recovery from electrically hot air stifled cocoons is significantly high in comparison to flame-smoke-sun stifling with a gain of about 6.37%. Similarly there is gradual decline in raw silk recovery (RSR) percentage with increase in storage period of muga cocoon. Thus, RSR has declined by 14.32% in course of 6 months of cocoon storage. Tenacity is found higher in October crop (average 3.36 g/den), while it is average 2.83 g/den in crop of May month. Muga raw silk yarn has lost elongation with extended storage of yarn. In fresh muga raw silk yarn, elongation is found 37.55%, while in one year old stored muga raw silk yarn elongation has come down to 33.02%. Thus, the study recommends stifling muga cocoon by hot air stifling for four hours. Cocoon preservation time needs to be minimized and muga silk yarn of October (Kotia) crop with high tenacity should be used as warp yarn in weaving

Influence of cocoon stifling and storage on silk reeling performance and quality of muga raw silk

The hot air electrical stifling study has been conducted to evaluate the influence of electrical stifling temperature, stifling hours and duration of cocoon preservation on reeling performance and quality of muga silk . Muga cocoons are reeled on motorised muga silk reeling machine. Electrical hot air stifling has shown superior reeling performance in comparison to smoke stifled and sun dried cocoons. The study has shown that raw silk recovery from electrically hot air stifled cocoons is significantly high in comparison to flame-smoke-sun stifling with a gain of about 6.37%. Similarly there is gradual decline in raw silk recovery (RSR) percentage with increase in storage period of muga cocoon. Thus, RSR has declined by 14.32% in course of 6 months of cocoon storage. Tenacity is found higher in October crop (average 3.36 g/den), while it is average 2.83 g/den in crop of May month. Muga raw silk yarn has lost elongation with extended storage of yarn. In fresh muga raw silk yarn, elongation is found 37.55%, while in one year old stored muga raw silk yarn elongation has come down to 33.02%. Thus, the study recommends stifling muga cocoon by hot air stifling for four hours. Cocoon preservation time needs to be minimized and muga silk yarn of October (Kotia) crop with high tenacity should be used as warp yarn in weavin

Inter-comparison of snow depth over Arctic sea ice from reanalysis reconstructions and satellite retrieval

In this study, we compare eight recently developed snow depth products over Arctic sea ice, which use satellite observations, modeling, or a combination of satellite and modeling approaches. These products are further compared against various ground-truth observations, including those from ice mass balance observations and airborne measurements. Large mean snow depth discrepancies are observed over the Atlantic and Canadian Arctic sectors. The differences between climatology and the snow products early in winter could be in part a result of the delaying in Arctic ice formation that reduces early snow accumulation, leading to shallower snowpacks at the start of the freeze-up season. These differences persist through spring despite overall more winter snow accumulation in the reanalysis-based products than in the climatologies. Among the products evaluated, the University of Washington (UW) snow depth product produces the deepest spring (March-April) snowpacks, while the snow product from the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) provides the shallowest spring snow depths. Most snow products show significant correlation with snow depths retrieved from Operational IceBridge (OIB) while correlations are quite low against buoy measurements, with no correlation and very low variability from University of Bremen and DMI products. Inconsistencies in reconstructed snow depth among the products, as well as differences between these products and in situ and airborne observations, can be partially attributed to differences in effective footprint and spatial-temporal coverage, as well as insufficient observations for validation/bias adjustments. Our results highlight the need for more targeted Arctic surveys over different spatial and temporal scales to allow for a more systematic comparison and fusion of airborne, in situ and remote sensing observations

Birthing practices of traditional birth attendants in South Asia in the context of training programmes

Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) training has been an important component of public health policy interventions to improve maternal and child health in developing countries since the 1970s. More recently, since the 1990s, the TBA training strategy has been increasingly seen as irrelevant, ineffective or, on the whole, a failure due to evidence that the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in developing countries had not reduced. Although, worldwide data show that, by choice or out of necessity, 47 percent of births in the developing world are assisted by TBAs and/or family members, funding for TBA training has been reduced and moved to providing skilled birth attendants for all births. Any shift in policy needs to be supported by appropriate evidence on TBA roles in providing maternal and infant health care service and effectiveness of the training programmes. This article reviews literature on the characteristics and role of TBAs in South Asia with an emphasis on India. The aim was to assess the contribution of TBAs in providing maternal and infant health care service at different stages of pregnancy and after-delivery and birthing practices adopted in home births. The review of role revealed that apart from TBAs, there are various other people in the community also involved in making decisions about the welfare and health of the birthing mother and new born baby. However, TBAs have changing, localised but nonetheless significant roles in delivery, postnatal and infant care in India. Certain traditional birthing practices such as bathing babies immediately after birth, not weighing babies after birth and not feeding with colostrum are adopted in home births as well as health institutions in India. There is therefore a thin precarious balance between the application of biomedical and traditional knowledge. Customary rituals and perceptions essentially affect practices in home and institutional births and hence training of TBAs need to be implemented in conjunction with community awareness programmes