1,545 research outputs found
How Oxytocin Receptor (OXTR) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Act on Prosociality: The Mediation Role of Moral Evaluation
Prosociality is related to numerous positive outcomes, and mechanisms underlying individual differences in prosociality have been widely discussed. Recently, research has found converging evidence on the influence of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene on prosociality. Meanwhile, moral reasoning, a key precursor for social behavior, has also been associated with variability in OXTR gene, thus the relationship between OXTR and prosociality is assumed to be mediated by moral evaluation. The current study examines the relationship in question, and includes gender as a potential moderator. Self-reported prosociality on Prosocial Tendencies Measure and evaluation on the moral acceptability of behaviors in stories from 790 Chinese adolescents (32.4% boys) were analyzed for the influence of their OXTR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results showed that SNP at site rs2254298 was indirectly associated with prosocial behaviors via moral evaluation of behaviors, and this effect was moderated by gender. Our findings suggest an indirect association between genetic variations in OXTR and prosociality through moral evaluation, indicating the potential pathway from genetic variability to prosociality through level of moral development. We also provide some evidence that the role of oxytocin system may to some extent depend on gender. These findings may promote our understanding of the genetic and biological roots of prosociality and morality.National Natural Science Foundation of China [31371040, 31571134, 31170995, J1103602]SSCIARTICLE
Bioassay-guided fractionation of Larix laricina du Roi, and antidiabetic potentials of ethanol and hot water extracts of seventeen medicinal plants from the traditional pharmacopeia of the James Bay Cree
Nous avons utilisé une approche ethnobotanique pour identifier des espèces de plantes utilisées par les Cris afin de traiter les symptômes du diabète de type 2. Larix laricina du Roi (L. laricina) a récemment été identifiée comme une des meilleures plantes qui a stimulé le transport de glucose dans les cellules C2C12 et fortement potentialisé la différenciation des 3T3-L1 en indiquant une sensibilité potentiellement accrue à l’insuline. Ensuite, ces études de criblage ont été effectuées sur des extraits éthanolique (EE) en utilisant une série de bioessais in vitro. Cependant, les préparations traditionnelles des plantes sont souvent faites avec l’eau chaude. Le but de cette thèse de doctorat était d’isoler les principes actifs de L. laricina par un fractionnement guidé par l’adipogenèse; d’évaluer et de comparer l’activité et les mécanismes antidiabétiques des EE et des extraits aqueux (HWE) de ces 17 plantes.
Pour le fractionnement de L. laricina, on a isolé plusieurs composés connus et identifié un nouveau composé actif cycloartane triterpene, qui a amélioré fortement l’adipogenèse et a été responsable en partie de l’activité adipogénique (potentiellement similaire à l’effet sensibilisateur à l’insuline des glitazone) de l’extrait éthanolique issu de l’écorce de L. laricina.
Pour le métabolisme lipidique, nos résultats ont confirmé que 10 parmi les 17 EE ont augmenté la différenciation des adipocytes alors que 2 extraits seulement l’ont inhibée. Les HWE ont montré une faible activité adipogénique ou antiadipogénique. Les EE de R. groenlandicum et K. angustifolia ont le PPAR γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ), le SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1) et le C/EBP (CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins) α, alors que ceux de P. balsamifera et A. incana les ont inhibés. L’effet inhibiteur de P. balsamifera a également été prouvé d’avoir impliqué l’activation de la protéine kinase activée par l’AMP (AMPK). Les EE et HWE de R. groenlandicum ont stimulé les mêmes facteurs de transcription alors que les extraits aqueux d’autres plantes sélectionnées ont perdu ces effets en comparaison avec leurs extraits éthanoliques respectifs. L’analyse phytochimique a également identifié le groupe des espèces actives et inactives, notamment lorsque les espèces ont été séparées par famille de plante.
Finalement concernant l’homéostasie de glucose, nos résultats ont confirmé que plusieurs EE ont stimulé le transport de glucose musculaire et inhibé l’activité de la glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) hépatique. Certains des HWE ont partiellement ou complètement perdu ces activités antidiabétiques par rapport aux EE, tandis qu’une seule plante (R.groenlandicum) a juste conservé un potentiel similaire entre les EE et HWE dans les deux essais. Dans les cellules musculaires, les EE de R.groenlandicum, A. incana et S. purpurea ont stimulé le transport de glucose en activant la voie de signalisation de l’AMPK et en augmentant le niveau d’expression des GLUT4. En comparaison avec les EE, les HWE de R.groenlandicum ont montré des activités similaires; les HWE de A. incana ont complètement perdu leur effet sur tous les paramètres étudiés; les HWE de S. purpurea ont activé la voie de l’insuline au lieu de celle de l’AMPK pour augmenter le transport de glucose. Dans les cellules H4IIE, les EE et HWE des 5 plantes ont activé la voie de l’AMPK, et en plus les EE et HWE de 2 plantes ont activé la voie de l’insuline. La quercétine-3-O-galactoside et la quercétine 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside ont été identifiées comme des composés ayant un fort potentiel antidiabétique et donc responsables de l'activité biologique des plantes HWE actifs avec le transport du glucose.
En conclusion, on a isolé plusieurs composés connus et identifié un nouveau triterpène actif à partir du fractionnement de L. laricina. Nous avons fourni également une preuve directe pour l'évaluation et la comparaison d'une action analogue à l'insuline ou insulino-sensibilisateur des EE et HWE de plantes médicinales Cris au niveau de muscle, de foie et de tissus adipeux. Une partie de leur action peut être liée à la stimulation des voies de signalisation intracellulaire insulino-dépendante et non-insulino-dépendante, ainsi que l’activation de PPARγ. Nos résultats indiquent que les espèces de plantes, les tissus ou les cellules cibles, ainsi que les méthodes d'extraction sont tous des déterminants significatifs de l'activité biologique de plantes médicinales Cris sur le métabolisme glucidique et lipidique.We have used a collaborative ethnobotanical approach to identify plant species used by the Cree of Eeyou Istchee (CEI) to treat symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Several screening studies were performed on 17 species identified in a survey of the Cree Nation. Firstly, Larix laricina du Roi (L. laricina) was recently identified as one of the top plants, which stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells and strongly potentiated the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes suggesting enhanced insulin sensitivity. Secondly, these screening studies were performed on ethanol extracts (EE) using an in vitro bioassay platform, however, traditional preparations are often based on hot water. So the purpose of this PhD thesis was to isolate the active principles from L. laricina through adipogenesis-guided fractionation, and to evaluate and compare the antidiabetic activity and mechanisms of EE and hot water extracts (HWE) of these 17 Cree plants.
For the fractionation of L. laricina, we isolated several known compounds and identified a new active cycloartane triterpene, which strongly enhanced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and was responsible partly for the adipogenic (potentially glitazone-like insulin sensitizing) activity of the ethanol extract of the bark of L. laricina.
In the adipocyte lipid metabolism course, the results confirmed that 10 of the 17 EE stimulated adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, whereas 2 had inhibitory effects. Corresponding HWE exhibited partial or complete loss of such adipogenic or anti-adipogenic activity. R. groenlandicum and K. angustifolia EEs activated Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α, whereas P. balsamifera and A. incana decreased these transcription factors. P. balsamifera’s inhibitory effect was also found to involve AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. R. groenlandicum HWE and EE stimulated similar transcription factors, but HWE of other selected plants lost such effects compared to their respective EE. Phytochemical analysis also uncovered clustering of active versus inactive species, notably when species were segregated by plant family.
The results showed that several EE stimulated muscle glucose uptake and inhibited hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity. Some of the HWE partially or completely lost these antidiabetic activities in comparison to EE; while one plant (R.groenlandicum) retained similar potential between EE and HWE in both assays. In C2C12 muscle cells, EE of R.groenlandicum, A. incana and S. purpurea stimulated glucose uptake by activating AMPK pathway and increasing GLUT4 expression level. In comparison to EE, HWE of R.groenlandicum exhibited similar activities; HWE of A. incana completely lost its effect on all parameters; interestingly, HWE of S. purpurea activated insulin pathway instead of AMPK pathway to increase glucose uptake. In the H4IIE cells, all selected 5 plants HWE and EE activated AMPK pathway, and in addition, 2 plants EE and HWE also activated insulin pathways. Quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside were identified as potential candidates to be responsible for the biological activity of the active HWE plants in the glucose transport assay.
In conclusion, we isolated several known compounds and identified a new active triterpene from fractionation of L. laricina. We also provide direct evidence evaluating and comparing of an insulin-like or insulin-sensitizing action of EE and HWE of Cree medicinal plants at the level of muscle, liver and adipose tissue. Part of their actions may be related to stimulation of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent intracellular signaling pathways, as well as to PPARÎł activation. The results indicate that plant species, target tissues or cells, as well as extraction methods, are all significant determinants of the biological activity of Cree medicinal plants on glucose and lipid metabolism
Magnetothermoelectric DC conductivities from holography models with hyperscaling factor in Lifshitz spacetime
We investigate an Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion holographic model and obtain
two branches of a charged black hole solution with a dynamic exponent and a
hyperscaling violation factor when a magnetic field presents. The
magnetothermoelectric DC conductivities are then calculated in terms of horizon
data by means of holographic principle. We find that linear temperature
dependence resistivity and quadratic temperature dependence inverse Hall angle
can be achieved in our model. The well-known anomalous temperature scaling of
the Nernst signal and the Seebeck coefficient of cuprate strange metals are
also discussed.Comment: 1+23 pages, 4 figures, references adde
Vulnerability and Resilience of Social Engagement: Equilibrium Theory
Social networks of engagement sometimes dramatically collapse. A widely
adopted paradigm to understand this catastrophe dynamics is the threshold model
but previous work only considered the irreversible K-core pruning process and
the resulting kinetic activity patterns. Here we study the network alliance
problem as a simplified model of social engagement by equilibrium statistical
mechanics. Our theory reveals that the surviving kinetic alliances are
out-of-equilibrium and atypical configurations which may become highly
vulnerable to single-node-triggered cascading failures as they relax towards
equilibrium. Our theory predicts that if the fraction of active nodes is beyond
a certain critical value, the equilibrium (typical) alliance configurations
could be protected from cascading failures by a simple least-effort local
intervention strategy. We confirm these results by extensive Monte Carlo
simulations.Comment: Revised with modified title, supplementary technical details
included, to be published in Europhysics Letters (EPL
Acoustic diagnostics of femtosecond laser filamentation
The promising application of femtosecond laser filamentation in atmospheric
remote sensing brings imperative demand for diagnosing the spatiotemporal
dynamics of filamentation. Acoustic emission (AE) during filamentation opens a
door to give the insight into the dynamic evolution of filaments in air. In
particular, the frequency features of the acoustic emission provide relevant
information on the conversion of laser energy to acoustic energy. Here, the
acoustic emission of femtosecond laser filament manipulated by energy and the
focal lengths was measured quantitatively by a broadband microphone, and the
acoustic parameters were compared and analyzed. Our results showed that the
acoustic power presents a squared dependence on the laser energy and the
bandwidth of the acoustic spectrum showed a significant positive correlation
with laser energy deposition. It was found that the spectrum of the acoustic
pulse emitted from the middle of the filament has a larger bandwidth compared
to those emitted from the ends of the filament and the spectrum of the acoustic
pulse is also an indicator of the filament intensity distribution. These
findings are helpful for studying the plasma filament properties and complex
dynamic processes through acoustic parameters and allow the optimization of
remote applications.Comment: 8 pages,5 figure
An efficient privacy protection in mobility social network services with novel clustering-based anonymization
D-Ribose Interferes with Quorum Sensing to Inhibit Biofilm Formation of Lactobacillus paraplantarum L-ZS9
Biofilms help bacteria survive under adverse conditions, and the quorum sensing (QS) system plays an important role in regulating their activities. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have great potential to inhibit pathogenic biofilm formation and are considered possible replacements for antibiotics; however, further investigation is required to understand the mechanisms of action of QSIs and to avoid inhibitory effects on beneficial bacteria. Lactobacillus paraplantarum L-ZS9, isolated from fermented sausage, is a bacteriocin-producing bacteria that shows potential to be a probiotic starter. Since exogenous autoinducer-2 (AI-2) promoted biofilm formation of the strain, expression of genes involved in AI-2 production was determined in L. paraplantarum L-ZS9, especially the key gene luxS. D-Ribose was used to inhibit biofilm formation because of its AI-2 inhibitory activity. Twenty-seven differentially expressed proteins were identified by comparative proteomic analysis following D-ribose treatment and were functionally classified into six groups. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that AI-2 had a counteractive effect on transcription of the genes tuf, fba, gap, pgm, nfo, rib, and rpoN. Over-expression of the tuf, fba, gap, pgm, and rpoN genes promoted biofilm formation of L. paraplantarum L-ZS9, while over-expression of the nfo and rib genes inhibited biofilm formation. In conclusion, D-ribose inhibited biofilm formation of L. paraplantarum L-ZS9 by regulating multiple genes involved in the glycolytic pathway, extracellular DNA degradation and transcription, and translation. This research provides a new mechanism of QSI regulation of biofilm formation of Lactobacillus and offers a valuable reference for QSI application in the future
Distributed Training Large-Scale Deep Architectures
Scale of data and scale of computation infrastructures together enable the
current deep learning renaissance. However, training large-scale deep
architectures demands both algorithmic improvement and careful system
configuration. In this paper, we focus on employing the system approach to
speed up large-scale training. Via lessons learned from our routine
benchmarking effort, we first identify bottlenecks and overheads that hinter
data parallelism. We then devise guidelines that help practitioners to
configure an effective system and fine-tune parameters to achieve desired
speedup. Specifically, we develop a procedure for setting minibatch size and
choosing computation algorithms. We also derive lemmas for determining the
quantity of key components such as the number of GPUs and parameter servers.
Experiments and examples show that these guidelines help effectively speed up
large-scale deep learning training
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