Hitting the Brakes on Child Trafficking: An Analysis of Anti-Trafficking Legislation in Viet Nam

Viet Nam is considered a country of origin for child sex trafficking, especially to Thailand, Cambodia, and China, all significant destinations for child sex tourism, a form of prostitution. Despite existing laws and policies in Viet Nam and elsewhere in Southeast Asia, child trafficking operations in the region have flourished. Viet Nam has been characterized as a country whose “[g]overnment . . . does not fully meet the [Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s] minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so.” Viet Nam has demonstrated its commitment to preventing human trafficking, both within and without its borders. It has done so by amending its laws, ratifying international treaties, and cooperating with regional anti-trafficking initiatives. However, the government of Viet Nam should undertake additional legislative reforms to fully comply with all applicable international human rights standards and anti-trafficking initiatives. This Article seeks to examine Viet Nam’s trafficking problem both within the context of Viet Nam’s child sex trafficking patterns and Viet Nam’s cultural, economic, and political environment. The Introduction reviews the current problem and describes child trafficking in Viet Nam. The first part examines the Vietnamese government’s effort to prevent, protect, and prosecute against child traffickers. It will concentrate on the implementation of national laws as mandated by international law and the likelihood of success of criminal prosecution in Viet Nam. The second part will focus on the impact of international efforts to rescue, rehabilitate, and reintegrate exploited children. The third part examines the impact of U.S. influence on the evolution of sex trafficking of children within Viet Nam. The last part discusses recommendations to combat child trafficking in Viet Nam. This abstract has been adapted from the author\u27s introduction

Agriculture-based development

As in most low-income countries, the majority of the poor population in Viet Nam is found in rural areas, where agriculture provides the primary means of livelihood. It has been argued that an agriculture-based development (ABD) strategy is more appropriate for Viet Nam at the present time than both import-substitution and export-led industrialization, considering its effectiveness in generating income opportunities, directly and indirectly, for the rural population. Under the ABD strategy, increased public resources allocated to agriculture and the rural sector would lead to rising agricultural productivity and rural income that in turn would create a strong demand for increased nonagricultural production in the local economy, especially of labor-intensive industrial goods and services. It is in effect a decentralized, employment-generating industrialization strategy that can lead to favorable outcomes in overall income growth and distribution. The Central Region in Viet Nam is the least developed among the three macro-regions, the rapid economic expansion during the 1990s having been concentrated in the southern and northern areas. Because Central Viet Nam is even more heavily agricultural than the rest of the country, the argument for adopting an ABD strategy would seem to apply with greater force. In this paper we make use of SAM (social accounting matrix)multiplier analysis in examining quantitatively the comparative economy-wide repercussions of exogenous income increases in agriculture (such as that arising from productivity growth) in Central Viet Nam, paying particular attention to the effects on overall income growth and equity. The equity impact is evaluated in terms of the induced relative changes on the incomes of four households groups distinguished in the study. Some policy implications of the results are discussed, emphasizing the role of macroeconomic policies in helping promote equitable growth in Central Viet Nam.Industrialization Viet Nam. ,Macroeconomics Viet Nam. ,Income Viet Nam. ,Rural population. ,Production economics ,TMD ,

Intermittency in two-dimensional Ekman-Navier-Stokes turbulence

We study the statistics of the vorticity field in two-dimensional Navier-Stokes turbulence with a linear Ekman friction. We show that the small-scale vorticity fluctuations are intermittent, as conjectured by Nam et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. vol.84 (2000) 5134]. The small-scale statistics of vorticity fluctuations coincides with the one of a passive scalar with finite lifetime transported by the velocity field itself.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figure

Generating disaggregated poverty maps

Geographic targeting is often recommended as a way to improve the impact of social spending and infrastructure investments on rural poverty. Previous research shows that such targeting is not very accurate unless the geographic units are small. Household surveys, however, rarely allow the estimation of poverty rates for more than 5-10 regions in a country. This study develops a method for generating disaggregated poverty maps and applies the method to Viet Nam. First, the relationship between rural poverty and 25 household indicators is estimated using household survey data. Then, census data on those same indicators are used to estimate the poverty rates for each of the 543 rural districts in Viet Nam. The results indicate that poverty is concentrated in the north and in districts furthest from the coast and cities.Poverty ,Infrastructure (Economics) Viet Nam. ,Social service Viet Nam. ,Vietnam ,

Comparison of Three Drug Combinations for Raccoon Immobilization

Raccoons (Proycon lotor) are regularly handled for damage management and research objectives. Safe handling of these animals in the field requires drug combinations that provide effective and predictable results with high safety margins for both the animal and personnel handling the animal, but also have a low probability of abuse. United States Drug Enforcement Administration scheduling relates to the probability of a drug being abused; class I drugs are associated with the greatest potential for abuse. We compared three drug combinations: butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM; class IV), nalbuphine-azaperone-medetomidine (NAM; unscheduled), and ketamine-xylazine (KX; class III). Through a dose titration process, we identified optimal drug dosages of 0.016 ml/kg for BAM, 0.018 ml/kg for NAM, and 0.096 ml/kg for KX. The induction time was similar for all drugs. Only with KX were raccoons able to recover unaided by reversal drugs. After giving reversals, recovery times for BAM and NAM were relatively quick (average \u3c 7 minutes). Based on blood oxygen saturation levels and respiratory rate, oxygen was administered to 72%, 71%, and 21% of the raccoons immobilized with BAM, NAM, and KX, respectively. Breathing was cyclic in raccoons immobilized with BAM and NAM, and some raccoons were given reversal agents prior to completing a workup due to low respiratory rate or low oxygen saturation levels. Raccoons immobilized with KX were observed with a more regular breathing pattern. Based on our results, it is highly recommended that both oxygen and associated reversals be available when using BAM or NAM to immobilize raccoons

The DKAP Project The Country Report of Vietnam

Viet Nam is at the beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In order to grasp the opportunities that the revolution has brought about, and to successfully build the society of digital citizens, there must be the demand of enhancing the capacity and capability for students to meet international standards in terms of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) skills. Viet Nam was selected as one of the four countries (Viet Nam, Bangladesh, Fiji, and the Republic of Korea) to join UNESCO Bangkok’s “Digital Kids Asia Pacific (DKAP)” project, a comparative cross-national study with the aim to seek the understanding and address children’s ICT practices, attitudes, behaviors, and competency levels within an educational context. Thanks to the project, the Vietnamese research team completely conducted the survey in twenty (20) schools from five (5) provinces in Viet Nam. With the data on the digital citizenship competency levels of 1,061 10th grade students, the research team discovered the valuable findings to draw an initial big picture for Vietnamese policy makers, educators, and teachers about digital citizenship competencies of 15-year-old Vietnamese students

Work related rights of foreign migrant workers in Viet Nam

Viet Nam today is deeper integrating into the global economy. In 2012/2013 the new Labour Code and amended Trade Union Law were promulgated and enacted. Numerous implementation Decrees and Circulars were introduced and enacted accordingly, which directly relate to the lives and work of the workers including foreign migrant workers. This article aims at examining and discussing the issues on foreign migrant workers in the contemporary Viet Nam. It is shown that despite positive changes in the new policies and laws the Vietnamese authority bodies have remain ineffectively responded to the issue of foreign labour in the context of significant economic growth