Identites of Women in Indian Art and History

The stereotypical image of Indian women portrayed in the art of stone sculpture is often interpreted as images of beauty that are sensuous, religious as well depict social life. There are historical reasons for depicting her as such. This paper inquires into the changing depiction and social forces that influenced feminine imagery. This paper examines the portrayal of beauty through idealization of female body which has evolved over the centuries in India. It also aims to understand their changing status and explores issues of feminine identity, status, and empowerment largely in ancient and medieval India. It also provides a brief account of their contribution to society, as revealed by literary and historical evidences. The role of women, both in private and public life, was shaped by cultural traditions and historical circumstances

Ganges in Indian Sculpture and Literature: Mythology and Personification

The river Ganges is a symbol of wealth, purity and eternity, and its sacred waters have inspired sages, philosophers, and artists in India who have immortalized its divine imagery. However, it has rarely been understood from a historical point of view, as to how it became so sacred and to view it from a multi-dimensional and interdisciplinary perspective with an accumulation of layers of historical thought and practices, provides a rationale for the living practices around the river. The paper explores the evolution of the concept of sacredness and eternity of River Ganges through art- historical and archaeological evidence. It investigates into its multiple identities and complex personifications in Hindu mythology, elaborations in Sanskrit literature and portrayals in stone sculpture

A Survey of Growth and Development Issues of the Pacific Islands

This paper is a survey of some key variables with an international dimension and implications for growth and development policies in selected Pacific island countries. Results from a simple growth accounting exercise show that factor accumulation is the most dominant growth factor and that the contribution of total factor productivity is negligible. Therefore, increasing the investment rate to improve growth rate is a pragmatic medium-term policy option. Further, econometric analysis shows that foreign aid has a negligible effect on output and growth in Fiji, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea.macroeconomic analyses, economic growth, development issues, Pacific islands

Recreational, Cultural and Aesthetic Services from Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems

The role of economic analysis in guiding the sustainable development of estuarine and coastal ecosystems is investigated based on a comprehensive review of the literature on the valuation of the recreation, cultural and aesthetic services. The implications of the findings for the sustainable management of coral reefs, Marine Protected Areas, and Small Island Developing States are discussed. Finally, the potential of meta-analytical benefit transfer and scaling up of values at various aggregation levels is demonstrated in the context of coastal tourism and recreation in Europe. The results of the study support the conclusion that the non-material values provided by coastal and estuarine ecosystems in terms of recreational, cultural and aesthetic services represent a substantial component of human well-being.Aesthetic Values, Coastal Recreation, Coral Reefs, Cultural Values, Ecosystem Services Valuation, Ecosystem Services, Estuarine Ecosystems, Marine Protected Areas, Non-market Valuation, Non-use Values, Passive Values, Recreational Fishing, Small Island Developing States, Spiritual and Religious Values.

Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of ecosystem-based adaptation: Kamiesberg wetlands case study

Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) is increasingly being promoted as a cost-effective means of adaptation to climate change. However, in spite of considerable international press, there is still little evidence to substantiate this claim. This study proposes a method through which the cost-effectiveness of EbA strategies can be evaluated against alternative adaptation options, and contributes to South African literature on the subject. The potential cost-effectiveness of wetland restoration is assessed as a means of securing the carrying capacity of land for pastoralist communities of the Kamiesberg communal area in South Africa under projected future climate conditions. The conventional alternatives would be to respond to increasingly dry conditions by drilling boreholes and using supplemental feed for livestock. It was assumed that the EbA interventions would occur upfront, whereas the alternatives are more likely to be implemented in reaction to droughts over a longer time period. The study found the implementation of conventional alternatives to be more cost-effective than EbA as a means to sustaining livestock stocking rates, with EbA being twice as costly. However, this is framed from the perspective of those directly affected (the landowners), and does not include the benefits to broader society

PHARMACEUTICAL AND ANALYTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF MAHA SHANKHA VATI

Khalveeya Rasa is the combinations of herbal, mineral and animal products, so that we can have the effects of all collectively in a single formula. It preserve the properties of freshly added Churna, Swarasa etc., with the help of Moorchita Parada i.e., Kajjali, Rasashindura & Hingula etc. Because of which Khalveeya Rasaushadhies occupies greater portion in therapeutics as compare to other Kalpana, Such as Vati, Gutika, Taila, Ghrita. In the present study three sample of “Maha Shankha Vati†have been prepared by adopting method describe in Ayurvedic Formulary of India (A.F.I.) Vol. 2 approved by government of India with some desire changes.AIMS: The aim of this study is to prepare three sample of “Maha Shankha Vati†for its Pharmacoanalytical standardization. And also prepare “Shankha Bhasmaâ€, “Hingullotha Parada†and processing of last three Sanskara of Parada. Analytical Standardization of self made Maha Shankha Vati & market sample of Maha Sankha Vati to compare analytically.RESULT: After evaluating organoleptic characters of the first three samples of self made Maha Shankha Vati revealed black colored substance in the form of Vati having Amla-Katu Rasa, Amla smell and smooth touch having pH 3.39. Similarly in case of market sample (fourth sample) shows black in colored in the form of Vati with Lavan-Katu in Rasa, Amla Smell and smooth touch having pH 4.37. Further the XRD pattern analysis of the combined sample of Maha Shankha Vati, reveals the presence of HgS, Caco3, NaCl. Same observation found in market sample.

Efficacy of Enrofloxacin in the Treatment of Recurrent Pyoderma in Dogs

Dogs with a history of more than three episodes of skin infections in a period of one year were selected for a study on recurrent pyoderma. Oral enrofloxacin along with appropriate simultaneous medication for the underlying associated conditions were chosen as therapy for recurrent pyoderma in dogs. Response to therapy was excellent in all the cases. Improvement was noticed by 12 to 20 days and 20 to 26 days in recurrent superficial and deep pyoderma respectively. Relapse occurred in one dog by 45 days due to re-introduction of allergic food. Enrofloxacin proved to be an effective, safe and convenient antibiotic for the treatment of recurrent pyoderma in dogs