Economic evaluation of Bursa-Orhaneli Lignite coalfield

Bursa-Orhaneli lignite coalfield is located in the North-West of Turkey. This coalfield has three sectors: Burmu, Çivili, and Sagirlar, having similar stratigraphic sequences in the northwest of Bursa Province. The mined coal seam is Miocene of age, and its thickness varies between 1.10-14.50 m. The pre-Neogene rocks in the area are made up of Palaeozoic aged metamorphic schists and marbles, and Upper Cretaceous aged ophiolites. The Neogene formations of detrital rocks with basal conglomerates, coal bearing marl and tuffites are found at the base, and volcanic basalt tuffs and andesite lava flows, at the top. The post-Neogene sediments are Pleistocene aged gravels and Holocene alluvium.The deposit has been worked as an open-pit mine in the Burmu and Sagirlar sectors and is going to be worked by underground mining methods in the near future. The chemical analysis have shown that the percentage of water is 22.66-27.30%, ash 24.57-44.39%, volatile matter 18.52-29.44%, fixed carbon 23.87-29.52%, and total sulphur 1.84-2.64% in the original coal, and its calorific value is 2010-3032 kcal/kg, whereas the air dried coal is composed of 5.51-10.41% water, 26.99-54.18% ash, 21.83-35.49% volatile matter, 28.10-36.03% fixed carbon, and 2.42-3.06% total sulphur, with calorific value of 2483-3938 kcal/kg. The proven and workable lignite reserves are 60,877,079 and 47,308,406 tonnes respectively. Stripping and production operations are made by a dragline, excavators and trucks. Mined coal is used both in domestic heating and the Orhaneli thermic power plant, which has a capacity of 1x210 MW

Turkish lignite deposits

The distribution of lignite deposits in Turkey is such that in general the Eocene lignites are in northern Turkey, Oligocene lignites are in northwestern Turkey, Miocene lignites are in western Turkey, and Pliocene-Pleistocene lignites are in eastern Turkey. Only the Oligocene lignites are paralic deposits, the rest being formed in a limnic environment. Turkey has about 8.4 Gt of lignite reserves of which 3.9 Gt are the exploitable reserves. Most of the known lignite deposits in Turkey are of low calorific value and have high contents of ash, moisture and total sulphur. Almost 80% of the total reserves have calorific values below 2500 kcal kg-1. The lignites having low calorific values are generally consumed in power plants. The lignites having relatively high calorific values are exploited for domestic and industrial use in the country. The majority of Turkish lignite deposits are worked in open-pit mines, but there are also some underground operations

Importance of lignite deposits in Turkey's energy policy and measures taken for environmental protection

Turkey has about 8.4 Gt of lignite reserves, of which 3.9 Gt are exploitable. The majority of Turkish lignite deposits are worked in open-pit mines. Most of the known lignite deposits are of low calorific value and have high contents of ash, moisture and total sulphur. Almost approximately 97 % of the total reserves have calorific values below 3000 kcal/kg. The lignites having low calorific values are generally consumed by power plants. Those with relatively high calorific values are exploited for household and industry in the country. Lignite reserves which are important for energy demand of Turkey have been examined in this article

Extraction des Spores et Grains de pollen a Partir de Divers Sediments

Nous presentons ici la description detaillee des methodes de maceration employees au Laboratoire de Paleobotanique de la Faculte des Sciences de Lille pour extraire les spores et grains de pollen contenus dans divers Sediments. Nötre but est de decrire les methodes utilisees au Laboratoire de Paleobotanique de la Faculte des Sciences de Lille pour extraire les spores et grains de pollen â partir des charbons et des steriles. Nous serons appeles a considerer, tout d'abord, les houilles primaires presentant un pourcentage en matieres volatiles superieur â 25 %, puis les lignites tertiaires dont le degre de carbonisation est relativement reduit et enfin les steriles (schistes et gres). Les spores et grains de pollen sont enrobes dans une pâte ne presentant aucune structure organisee et dont l'origine est une precipitation chimique des substances vegetales en solution dans les eaux de la lagüne houillere. Leur conservation s'est realisee grâce â leur membrane resistante constituee par la sporopollenine qui se presente par l'ensemble d'un groupe d'especes chimiques dont la formüle şerait C90 H29 O12 (OH)l5. Le principe d'extraction de ces nıicrofossiles est base sur un traitement chimique des echantillons prealablement broyes afin d'obtenir une action rapide et uniforme des produits employes au cours de la maceration. Ce traitement consiste â eliminer les matieres minerales et charbonneuses par differents acides et liqueurs ainsi qu'â dissocier les matieres hurniques par l'action de la potasse ou de la soude

Coal resource estimation in the Bayir field, Yatagan-Mugla, SW Turkey

This study focuses on some coal properties and calculation of coal resources with two classical (isopach and polygon) methods in the Bayir field, Yatagan-Mugla, which is located in southwestern Anatolia. This field has not been mined because it is still in the exploration stage. A productive coal seam of Early (?)-Middle Miocene age has a mineable coal thickness of 1.25 m to 18.01 m. Proximate analysis results indicated that this coal seam contains high moisture, ash, volatile matter, total sulphur content, and net calorific values. The weighted average mineable coal thickness calculated from the isopachs is 7.52 m and 7.82 m from polygonal methods. The in situ tonnages with isopach and polygonal methods were calculated to be 122.8 Mt and 130 Mt, respectively. The average value of the two methods shows 126.4 Mt in situ coal tonnages. Total amount of the in situ mineable coal resources is 77.7 Mt, which indicates an important coal potential in the Bayir field. The overburden thickness ranges from 72 m to 493 m in the Bayir field, averaging 257 m, indicating a deep coal mine. The overburden ratio averages 37 m3/ton, indicating an underground coal mine to feed a power plant in near future

Properties and reserves of lignite in the Aydin-Sahinali field, Turkey

This study focuses on some lignite properties and calculation of lignite reserves with two classical (isopach and polygon) methods in the Aydin-Sahinali field, Turkey, which is located in the western Turkey. This field has been mined by a private coal company since 1960 by open-cast and mainly underground mining methods. The producing lignites are consumed in domestic heating and industrial factories around Aydin. The metamorphic rocks of Palaezoic age form the basement of the coal field. The lignite-bearing unit of Miocene age, from bottom to the top, consists mainly of pebblestone, lignite and clayey lignite, siltstone with sandstone lenses, white colored claystone, clayey limestone and silisified limestone lenses. This unit in the lignite field was unconformably overlain by Pliocene unconsolidated sands and gravels. Three hundred seventy-three borehole data have been evaluated, and this study shows that a relatively thick and lateral extensive lignite seam has a mineable thickness of 1.6-14.4 m. The core samples from boreholes in panels in the lignite field indicate that the coal seam, on an as-received basis, contains high moisture contents (17.95-23.45%, average), high ash yields (16.30-26.03%, average), relatively high net calorific values (3,281-3,854 kcal/kg, average), and low total sulfur contents (1.00-1.22%, average). The remaining lignite potential in the Aydin-Sahinali lignite field was calculated as a 4.7 Mt of measured and a 2.9 Mt of mineable lignite-reserves

Cleaning of fine asphaltite by oil agglomeration process

In Turkey, asphaltite deposits are located in the Southeastern Anatolia region in the form of fleets around the Sirnak province and its environs. According to the research, although the lower thermal values of Sirnak asphaltites are between about 11–24 MJ/Kg, the ash contents are between 35% and 55% and the total sulfur rates are between 3% and 8%. Asphaltite with high-ash content ratios can be cleaned by applying coal preparation and enrichment methods and made into high-quality energy raw materials with higher calorific value. Most fine-grained coals are disposed of without use or any economic consideration and cause environmental pollution. The oil agglomeration method, which is one of the methods of ore enrichment used to clean very fine coals, can be applied for coal samples. In this study, chemical and sieve analyzes of asphaltite samples taken from the Seguruk and Avgamasya mine sites operating within the borders of the Sirnak province were carried out and oil agglomeration enrichment method was applied with different types of oil and ash content were reduced. Under the conditions determined, the ash content of the Seguruk asphaltite sample called sample-A was reduced from 45.14% to 19.91% and the ash content of the Avgamasya asphaltite sample called Sample-B was reduced from 43.65% to 18.72%