1,782 research outputs found
Oxidation of Nickel in AlCl3-1-Butylpyridinium Chloride at Ambient Temperature
We have studied in detail the electrochemical reaction of nickel in several kinds of molar ratio-controlled molten salts consisting of AlCl(3) and 1-butylpyridinium chloride (BPC) at 40°C. We observed NiCl(2) as an oxidation product from nickel on the surface of the electrode in slightly acidic AlCl(3)/BPC salts with molar ratios of 1.05/1.0 and 1.1/1.0. However, in strongly acidic salt with the ratio of 1.5/1.0, NiCl(2) deposits on the electrode less than when in the above salts, and no NiCl(29) is observed in basic and neutral salts with the ratio of 1.0/1.0 or less AlCl(3) content. This suggests that [NiCl(4)](2−) ions form as the oxidation of nickel in such neutral and basic AlC(3)/BPC (salts)
Deformation of Equilibrium Shape of a Vesicle Induced by Injected Flexible Polymers
Using field theoretic approach, we study equilibrium shape deformation of a
vesicle induced by the presence of enclosed flexible polymers, which is a
simple model of drug delivery system or endocytosis. To evaluate the total free
energy of this system, it is necessary to calculate the bending elastic energy
of the membrane, the conformation entropy of the polymers and their
interactions. For this purpose, we combine phase field theory for the membrane
and self-consistent field theory for the polymers. Simulations on this coupled
model system for axiosymmetric shapes show a shape deformation of the vesicle
induced by introducing polymers into it. We examined the dependence of the
stability of the vesicle shape on the chain length of the polymers and the
packing ratio of the vesicle. We present a simple model calculation that shows
the relative stability of the prolate shape compared to the oblate shape.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Design and performance of the muon monitor for the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment
This article describes the design and performance of the muon monitor for the
T2K (Tokaito-Kamioka) long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. The muon
monitor consists of two types of detector arrays: ionization chambers and
silicon PIN photodiodes. It measures the intensity and profile of muons
produced, along with neutrinos, in the decay of pions. The measurement is
sensitive to the intensity and direction of the neutrino beam. The linearity
and stability of the detectors were measured in beam tests to be within 2.4%
and 1.5%, respectively. Based on the test results, the precision of the beam
direction measured by the muon monitor is expected to be 0.25 mrad.Comment: 22 page
Numerical computations of facetted pattern formation in snow crystal growth
Facetted growth of snow crystals leads to a rich diversity of forms, and
exhibits a remarkable sixfold symmetry. Snow crystal structures result from
diffusion limited crystal growth in the presence of anisotropic surface energy
and anisotropic attachment kinetics. It is by now well understood that the
morphological stability of ice crystals strongly depends on supersaturation,
crystal size and temperature. Until very recently it was very difficult to
perform numerical simulations of this highly anisotropic crystal growth. In
particular, obtaining facet growth in combination with dendritic branching is a
challenging task. We present numerical simulations of snow crystal growth in
two and three space dimensions using a new computational method recently
introduced by the authors. We present both qualitative and quantitative
computations. In particular, a linear relationship between tip velocity and
supersaturation is observed. The computations also suggest that surface energy
effects, although small, have a larger effect on crystal growth than previously
expected. We compute solid plates, solid prisms, hollow columns, needles,
dendrites, capped columns and scrolls on plates. Although all these forms
appear in nature, most of these forms are computed here for the first time in
numerical simulations for a continuum model.Comment: 12 pages, 28 figure
- …