Expected Reconstruction Error of Arrival Direction in Observation by Water Cerenkov Detector

[Abstract] Reconstruction error of emitted direction of electrons observed in water cerenkov detector is estimated assuming gaussian approximation for multiple scattering process and exponential decrease with increasing mean square angle for detecting efficiency of cerenkov photon. After correcting geometrical limitation by Mott formula we got reasonable result explaining experimental data of wide energy range. Similar estimation by Kamioka group seems unable to explain those data because of inadequate cut of large angle scattering used in EGS simulation code

陰膳方式食物収集による日本人の栄養調査 : 血清脂質と栄養摂取量

Nutrient intake was surveyed by total food duplicate method in combination with serum biochemistry among adult Japanese women. The survey was conducted twice in the same 19 sites all over Japan, once in the years around 1980 (the first survey on 199 women) and then in 1991-6 (the second survey on 379 women). The participants 19 sites were classified into four groups of those in Hokkaido, urban areas, rural areas and Okinawa by the location of residence, and relation of findings serum lipid analyses with nutrient intakes was examined. In the Hokkaido group, cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, and intake of animal fat and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were lower in the second survey than in the first survey. In the urban group, serum cholesterol, and intakes of animal fats and SFAs were the highest among the four groups both in the first and second surveys. In contrast, serum cholesterol, and intakes of animal fats and SFAs in the rural group were lower than the levels in other groups in the first survey, but the three groups in the second survey. In Okinawa, serum cholesterol was lower than others in the second survey. Intake of fat-based energy was high, but intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were also high. When all subjects were combined, the serum cholesterol level was 193mg/100ml (as an arithmetic mean) in the first survey and it was 202 mg/100 ml in the second survey, and this increase was paralleled by the increase in the number of aged survey subjects. Serum triglyceride level was 111mg/100ml in the first survey, and 99 mg/dl in the second survey. The reduction may be attributable to the reduced nutrient intake among young people. Serum cholesterol correlated significantly with intake of animal fats and SFAs, but the correlation with total energy intake was significant only in the second survey. BMI correlated significantly with serum triglyceride levels in both surveys, but the correlation coefficient was smaller in the second survey than in the first survey. There was no correlation between BMI and serum cholesterol in both surveys

日本人女性の食事からのカルシウム摂取量

This study was initiated 1. to examine if there was any secular changes in dietary calcium (Ca) intake among Japanese women in past 15 years, and 2. to identify the food groups insufficient intake of which may induce Ca insufficiency. 24-Hour food duplicate samples were collected from 433 and 760 adult women in the first (1977-1981) and the second survey (1991-1998), respectively, from various parts of Japan. Daily Ca intakes were estimated from weights of food items in the duplicate samples, taking advantages of food composition tables (FCT-based estimates). Possible difference in means was examined by Student's t-test and multiple comparison test (Scheffe), and that in distribution by chi-square test. The average dietary intake of Ca was 607 and 605 mg/day in the first and the second survey, respectively, with no significant difference. The subjects, separately for the two surveys, were classified by the Ca intake into 5 groups, i.e., those with intake of 419 or less, 420 to 539,540 to 659,660 to 999 and 1,000 or more mg Ca/day, and also by decade of ages. Reduced Ca intake from fish (including shellfish) and vegetables coupled with increased intake from milk (including milk products) were noted among the three low Ca intake groups when the intakes were compared between the two surveys, whereas no food group-specific changes were noted among the two high intake groups. Ca intake from milk was high in the latter two groups. Further analysis showed that low intakes of pulse, fish, milk, vegetables and algae were associated with insufficiency in Ca intakes. Classification by ages showed that Ca insufficiency among those at the ages of 20's was attributable to low intakes of pulse, fish and algae. When compared between the two surveys, reduced intakes of fish and vegetables and increased intake of milk were commonly observed in most age groups, and milk intake was substantially increased at advanced ages. FCT-based estimates and ICP-MS measurements gave 581 and 542 mg/day as averages for the former and the latter, respectively. The observation that the latter is 93% of the former suggests that Ca insufficiency should be taken more seriously than the estimates would suggest