Evaluation of antixenosis in soybean against <i>Spodoptera litura</i> by dual-choice assay aided by a statistical analysis model: Discovery of a novel antixenosis in Peking

The method for evaluating soybean (Glycine max) antixenosis against the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) was developed based on a dual-choice assay aided by a statistical analysis model. This model was constructed from the results of a dual-choice assay in which Enrei, a soybean cultivar susceptible to S. litura, was used as both a standard and a test leaf disc for 2nd–5th instar larvae. The statistical criterion created by this model enabled the evaluation of the presence of antixenosis. This method was applied to four soybean varieties, including Tamahomare (susceptible), Himeshirazu (resistant), IAC100 (resistant), and Peking (unknown), as well as Enrei. Subsequently, the degrees of antixenosis were also compared by F-test, followed by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). According to the results, the antixenosis of Tamahomare, Himeshirazu, and IAC100 was statistically reevaluated and Peking exhibited a novel antixenosis, which was stronger for 3rd–5th instar larvae than for 2nd instar

Validation studies of gyrokinetic ITG and TEM turbulence simulations in a JT-60U tokamak using multiple flux matching

Quantitative validation studies of flux-tube gyrokinetic Vlasov simulations on ion and electronheat transport are carried out for the JT-60U tokamak experiment. The ion temperaturegradient (ITG) and/or trapped electron modes (TEM) driven turbulent transport and zonalflow generations are investigated for an L-mode plasma in the local turbulence limit with asufficiently small normalized ion thermal gyroradius and weak mean radial electric fields.Nonlinear turbulence simulations by the GKV code successfully reproduce radial profilesof the ion and electron energy fluxes in the core region. The numerical results show that theTEM-driven zonal flow generation in the outer region is more significant than that in the coreregion with ITG- and ITG–TEM-dominated turbulence, leading to moderate transport shortfallof the ion energy flux. Error levels in the prediction of the ion and electron temperaturegradient profiles in the core region are estimated as less than ±30%, based on a multiple fluxmatching technique, where the simulated ion and electron energy fluxes are simultaneouslymatched to the experimental values