ドイツにおける「幼児期のBildung」に関する研究 : シェーファーのアプローチに着目して

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(教育学)Doctor of Philosophy in Educationdoctora

Obrazovna svrha neuplitanja: slučaj japanskoga mimamoru pristupa kao dio profesionalizma predškolskih učitelja

Teachers’ moment-by-moment interactions with children are powerful determinants of children’s learning outcomes and development. Successful guidance involves teachers’ intentionality, yet one’s intent to teach may be hard to discern. Teachers using indirect, non-observable approaches are prone to be misunderstood as not actively guiding children’s learning. Therefore, the present study revisited the conceptualization of Intentional Teaching, using the Mimamoru Approach within the Japanese early childhood education context as an exemplar. We investigated how Japanese educators defined the Mimamoru Approach and how it meaningfully reflected their professionalism. Three early childhood teachers participated in a focus group interview and shared their reactions towards a short video about an incident in a preschool classroom. Their narratives explicated the core values and processes of the Mimamoru Approach: illustrating the non-intervening approach as indicative of trusting and respecting children’s independence and initiative. Implications of this study suggested the subtle Mimamoru Approach and the observable US practices in Intentional Teaching should not be viewed as dichotomous, but as examples on a spectrum that considers teachers’ professionalism within cultural contexts.Trenutačne i kontinuirane interakcije učitelja s djecom moćne su odrednice ishoda učenja i razvoja djece. Uspješno vodstvo uključuje namjeru učitelja, a namjeru pojedinca da poučava ipak je nekada teško razlučiti. Učitelje koji koriste indirektne, neprimjetne pristupe skloni smo krivo razumjeti kao one koji dječje učenje ne usmjeravaju aktivno. Stoga ovo istraživanje revidira konceptualizaciju namjernoga poučavanja, navodeći kao primjer mimamoru pristup unutar konteksta japanskoga ranog obrazovanja. Istražili smo kako japanski edukatori definiraju mimamoru pristup i kako on uvelike odražava njihov profesionalizam. Tri učitelja ranoga obrazovanja činila su fokus-grupu unutar koje su sudjelovali u intervjuu u kojemu su podijelili svoje reakcije na kratki video o događaju u predškolskoj učionici. Njihovi narativi objasnili su temeljne vrijednosti i procese mimamoru pristupa: neuplitanje kao pokazatelj povjerenja i poštivanja dječje neovisnosti i inicijative. Implikacije ove studije sugeriraju da suptilni mimamoru pristup, kao i vidljive prakse namjernoga poučavanja u SAD-u, ne treba promatrati kao dihotomne, već kako primjere profesionalizma učitelja na istom spektru, ali unutar različitih kulturoloških konteksta

Expression of interleukin-33 is correlated with poor prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of IL-33 in tumor progression. Methods: Surgical specimens from 81 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were studied using immunohistochemistry. Primary tumor sections were analyzed for IL-33 and ST2 expression. To examine the influence of IL-33 on the microenvironment of the tumor, we determined the mast cell density (MCD) and microvessel density of the stroma. Results: Patients with high IL-33 expression had a significantly worse prognosis (p = 0.004). IL-33 expression was significantly elevated in patients with local and nodal recurrence (p = 0.014 and p = 0.019). ST2 expression was also associated with a worse prognosis (p = 0.024) and was significantly elevated in patients with nodal recurrence (p = 0.004). MCD was associated with worse prognosis (p = 0.038) and correlated significantly with IL-33 expression (r = 0.626, p < 0.001). Micovessels in the stroma were significantly increased in the high IL-33 group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These data suggest that the IL-33/ST2 axis contributes to tumor aggressiveness and affects the tumor microenvironment. Immunohistochemical evaluation of IL-33 and ST2 is useful for identifying patients at a high risk for poor prognosis. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

幼児の学びにおける博物館プログラムの活用 : 異文化環境体験プログラムに着目して

本稿は,博物館における体験型プログラムが幼児の学びにとってどのような活用可能性を持っているのかを検討することを目的とするものである。博物館で行なわれたアイヌ民族の狩猟に関する体験型展示(ハンズ・オン)を対象とし,企画者自身の振り返りとボストン子ども博物館との比較を通して幼児にとってのプログラムの意義を検討した。その結果,幼児が主体的に楽しみながら異文化環境を体験することができるという点において,博物館プログラムが幼児の学びにとって活用可能性を持っていることが示唆された。This paper aims to investigate how experiential programs in museums can potentially be applied to the education of young children. The subject of the study was an experiential exhibition (hands-on) held at a museum regarding how the Ainu people hunted. Through the reflections of the organizers themselves, and supplemented with comparisons from the Boston Children\u27s Museum, it was investigated whether this wouldhave meaning as a program for young children. As a result, it was found that the museum\u27s program could potentially be applied to the education of young children, considering the point that they would be able to experience the environment of a different culture while having fun on their own

The Actual Conditions of creation and utilization of the Records of Children with Disabilities during the School Transition Period: A Survey of Early Childhood Facilities and Elementary Schools

The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual conditions of personal records such as “support files” and “transition support sheets” created by early childhood facilities (kindergartens and nursery schools) to provide transition support to children with disabilities. The study seeks to examine how these records are created by early childhood facilities and used by elementary schools. A nationwide questionnaire survey targeting public and private kindergartens, nursery schools, and elementary schools was carried out. The survey results show that about half of the early childhood facilities created these records and that the records were being effectively utilized by the elementary schools that received them. However, there were also differences based on the type of institution: for instance, the rate of record creation was high at public kindergartens and low at private kindergartens and nursery schools. In terms of record content, there is a possibility of a gap between the information recorded by early childhood facilities and that sought by elementary schools. Based on these actual conditions, this study identifies issues to be considered in the effective creation and utilization of records.本研究は平成28年度文科省委託「幼児期の教育内容等深化・充実調査研究」（調査研究課題：幼保小接続における学習機会の保障としての合理的配慮に関する研究，研究受託機関：名古屋市立大学）の助成を受けて行われた研究成果の一部である。なお，本稿の一部は日本教育心理学会第59回総会において発表した

A Survey on Cooperation between Early Childhood Facilities and Elementary Schools regarding Children with Disabilities

This survey aimed to reveal the current conditions of cooperation between early childhood facilities and elementary schools regarding children with disabilities. A nationwide questionnaire was administered to 172 nursery schools (public), 242 nursery schools (private), 200 kindergartens (public), 481 kindergartens (private), and 592 elementary schools. Overall, for cooperation with elementary school for children with disabilities, the percentage of practice with kindergarten (public) was highest among early childhood facilities. In particular, for “Exchange activities between early childhood facilities and elementary schools” and “Introduction of approach curriculum,” the percentage of practice with kindergarten (public) was higher when compared with that in other early childhood facilities. The newly found information in this survey was that nursery schools (public) were most likely to take advantage of the “Individual education program.” The major problem was that nursery school and kindergarten teachers were willing to cooperate on early childhood education and care with elementary school teachers, but elementary school teachers answered that it was difficult to cooperate with many of the early childhood facilities. The ideal method for cooperation between early childhood facilities and elementary schools needs to be considered within each community.本研究は平成26年度文部科学省委託「幼児教育の改善・充実調査研究」（研究代表者：山崎 晃）及び平成25～27年度科学研究費・基盤研究（C）（研究課題番号：25381325，研究代表者：山崎 晃）の助成を受けて行われた研究成果の一部である

Exacerbation of daily cough and allergic symptoms in adult patients with chronic cough by Asian dust: A hospital-based study in Kanazawa

The health effects associated with Asian dust have attracted attention due to the rapid increase in the number of Asian dust events in East Asia in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between Asian dust and daily cough, as well as allergic symptoms, in adult patients who suffer from chronic cough. We enrolled 86 adult patients from Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan, who were diagnosed with asthma, cough variant asthma, atopic cough or a combination of these conditions. From January to June 2011, subjects recorded their symptoms in a diary every day. Asian dust and non-Asian dust periods were defined according to the dust extinction coefficient, measured using the light detection and ranging (LIDAR). The daily levels of total suspended particulates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and coexisting factors related to allergies, such as the Japanese cedar pollen count, were measured. McNemar\u27s test showed that there were significantly more cough-positive patients during Asian dust periods than during the non-Asian dust period (p = 0.022). In addition, during Asian dust periods when the daily levels of Japanese cedar pollen, Japanese cypress pollen and PAHs were elevated, there were significantly more patients who experienced itchy eyes than during the non-Asian dust period (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the allergic symptoms, including sneezing or a runny nose and nasal congestion. This is the first report to show that Asian dust triggers cough and allergic symptoms in adult patients with chronic cough. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Development of a mugineic acid family phytosiderophore analog as an iron fertilizer

Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient, but is poorly bioavailable because of its low solubility in alkaline soils; this leads to reduced agricultural productivity. To overcome this problem, we first showed that the soil application of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid, a natural phytosiderophore from the Poaceae, can recover Fe deficiency in rice grown in calcareous soil. However, the high cost and poor stability of synthetic 2′-deoxymugineic acid preclude its agricultural use. In this work, we develop a more stable and less expensive analog, proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid, and demonstrate its practical synthesis and transport of its Fe-chelated form across the plasma membrane by Fe(III)•2’-deoxymugineic acid transporters. Possibility of its use as an iron fertilizer on alkaline soils is supported by promotion of rice growth in a calcareous soil by soil application of metal free proline-2’-deoxymugineic acid