Multi-Terminal Graphs and Equilibrium Problem of Flows and Tensions

The notion of graph was generalized to make the abstract network theory applicable to economic networks, where multi-commodities are traded among productive sectors, intermediate sectors, and final demand sectors. The generalized graph, called the multi-terminal graph, has contributed to developing a new network theory, deriving that flows of multi-commodities correspond to electric currents in electric circuits. A well-known Leontief model has been reformulated in this generalized system. A notion of tension is defined to correspond the price in economics to the voltage in electric circuits. The equilibrium problem of flows and tensions is discussed on the basis of new network, and solved under a general hypothesis that characteristics of branches are represented by complete increasing curves, which express demand and supply curves.Article信州大学工学部紀要 54: 49-64 (1983)departmental bulletin pape

Original Article

The purpose of this study was to identify concepts of family nursing in Japan that promote maternal identity during pregnancy. Using inductive content analysis, three dissertations, describing effective nursing interventions for pregnant women related to the process of motherhood, and five theses and fifteen original studies, related to maternal identity, were analyzed. As a result of analyzing the three dissertations, nursing interventions that promote maternal identity during pregnancy were categorized into 21 categories and 56 sub-categories. Those were then integrated from the view of family nursing, and two concepts were derived which were nursing care for a new mother and nursing care for the relationship between family members . 19 sub-categorized influential factors from other studies complemented those two concepts. For the most part family nursing in Japan that promotes maternal identity during pregnancy was nursing care for the new mother that approached the relationship between a new mother and her fetus from the cognitional aspect, emotional aspect, and behavioral aspect. Nursing care for the relationship between family members was recognized as the relationship with her husband. Further studies about the relationship with grandparents, the relationship with the husband, the relationship between the family and society were needed to create a framework of family nursing that promotes parenting in Japan.本研究の目的は,日本における妊娠期の母親役割獲得を促す家族看護の構成概念を明らかにすることである。千葉大学大学院看護学研究科から産出された修士・博士論文のうち,「母親役割獲得」を促す有効な看護について詳細に記述されている論文3編および,妊産婦の母親役割獲得に関連する修士論文5編と原著論文15編を対象とした。有効な看護介入について詳述している論文3編の帰納的内容分析の結果から,妊娠期の母親役割獲得を促す援助は56のサブカテゴリ,21のカテゴリに集約され,さらに,家族看護の視点から整理・統合したところ,日本における妊娠期の母親役割獲得を促す家族看護として、【母親となる女性へ働きかける援助】と,【家族成員間の関係性に働きかける援助】の2つの概念を抽出した。また,それ以外の論文で補完した結果,さらに影響要因として19のサブカテゴリを抽出した。妊娠した女性が母親という役割を獲得することを促す,日本の家族看護は,【母親となる女性へ働きかける援助】,すなわち,母親となる女性自身および胎児との関係性に対し,認知,感情,行動の3つの側面から働きかける看護援助が多くを占めた。【家族成員間の関係性に働きかける援助】は夫との関係性の中で見出されていた。今後は,出産後についておよび,影響要因として見出された,祖父母との関係や,夫婦関係あるいは,家族と社会との関係に対する援助についても研究を重ね,日本における親役割獲得を促す家族看護の枠組みを創出する必要がある

Assessments of maternal psychosocial adaptation for pre-labor hospitalized pregnant women in Japan

Maternal psychosocial adaptation to pregnancy is significant task for women during pregnancy. Antepartum hospitalization is often characterized by maternal anxiety, boredom, feelings of imprisonment, and loneliness. The purpose of this study was to explore maternal psychosocial adaptation during pregnancy for hospitalized pregnant women compared with such adaptation in low-risk pregnant women from a reference population. This was a cross-sectional study with convenience samples of high-risk hospitalized and low-risk mothers. This study was carried out in five hospitals and two clinics between March and December 2009 in several areas of Japan. Subjects were 189 hospitalized women diagnosed with premature labor who had received continuous 24-h treatment with intravenous ritodrine hydrochloride for more than 1 week. The Japanese version of Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire was administered to measure maternal psychosocial adaptation during pregnancy. Women in hospitalized group had significantly lower adaptation in acceptance of pregnancy and preparation for labor (P<.05-.001) and showed significantly higher adaptation in identification of a motherhood role and relationship with her husband. Moreover, in hospitalized group, relationship with her husband showed significantly higher adaptation (P<.05) in primipara, acceptance of pregnancy and preparation for labor were significantly lower adaptation score (P<.01-.001) in multipara. Hospitalized pre-term pregnant women should be assessed maternal psychosocial adaptation especially the domains of acceptance of pregnancy, preparation for labor, relationship with her husband, and identification of a motherhood role. Health care provider should know the character and background of those women as well as the character of primipara and multipara

Assessments of maternal psychosocial adaptation for pre-labor hospitalized pregnant women in Japan

Maternal psychosocial adaptation to pregnancy is significant task for women during pregnancy. Antepartum hospitalization is often characterized by maternal anxiety, boredom, feelings of imprisonment, and loneliness. The purpose of this study was to explore maternal psychosocial adaptation during pregnancy for hospitalized pregnant women compared with such adaptation in low-risk pregnant women from a reference population. This was a cross-sectional study with convenience samples of high-risk hospitalized and low-risk mothers. This study was carried out in five hospitals and two clinics between March and December 2009 in several areas of Japan. Subjects were 189 hospitalized women diagnosed with premature labor who had received continuous 24-h treatment with intravenous ritodrine hydrochloride for more than 1 week. The Japanese version of Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire was administered to measure maternal psychosocial adaptation during pregnancy. Women in hospitalized group had significantly lower adaptation in acceptance of pregnancy and preparation for labor (P<.05-.001) and showed significantly higher adaptation in identification of a motherhood role and relationship with her husband. Moreover, in hospitalized group, relationship with her husband showed significantly higher adaptation (P<.05) in primipara, acceptance of pregnancy and preparation for labor were significantly lower adaptation score (P<.01-.001) in multipara. Hospitalized pre-term pregnant women should be assessed maternal psychosocial adaptation especially the domains of acceptance of pregnancy, preparation for labor, relationship with her husband, and identification of a motherhood role. Health care provider should know the character and background of those women as well as the character of primipara and multipara

What does Klinefelter syndrome mean for men with azoospermia in Japan?

Background & aim: The aim of this study was to explore the men’s perceptions of being diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted on five azoospermic men diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome referring to two special infertility treatment clinics for males in Japan. The paqrticipants were selected through purposive sampling technique.The data were collected by semi-structured interviews within April 2013 to March 2015 and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: The analysis of the data resulted in the emergence of four themes, including ‘I cannot understand my diagnosis’, ‘the cause of my azoospermia was identified’, ‘I do not have any other healthcare problems besides Klinefelter syndrome’, and ‘Klinefelter syndrome means that I am more likely to have viable sperm’. Through these themes, we found that azoospermic men considered their diagnosis of the chromosomal disorder as good news; and as a reason for their infertility which might not affect their lives. Furthermore, they believed that having Klinefelter syndrome means that they are more likely to have their own child. Conclusion: The men diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome had various feelings about their diagnosis. They were hopeful about the outcome of undergoing micro dissection testicular sperm extraction (Micro-TESE). These findings are useful for healthcare workers and could raise their awareness; as they understand that those men with Klinefelter diagnosis have higher expectations regarding micro-TESE