Spatial Model of the Emission of Intersections in The City of Diwanyah Using Programs of Aermod View And Sidra Intersection (A Study in the Geography of the Envoronment)

تتمثل منطقة الدراسة بمدينة الديوانية وهي مركز محافظة الديوانية ، وهذا جعل منها عقدة مهمة لطرق النقل الرئيسة التي يمر اغلبها بالمدينة. تبلغ مساحة المدينة ضمن التصميم الاساس4711 هكتار وتضمنت خمسة قطاعات وبواقع (61) حياً سكنياً.  تهدف الدراسة الى الكشف عن التباين المكاني لتراكيز ملوثات الهواء المتمثلة  بثاني اوكسيد الكاربون واحادي اوكسيد الكاربون والهيدروكربونات واكاسيد النتروجين الناتجة عن حرق الوقود الاحفوري من خلال استعمال نماذج الانتشار والتشتت لانبعاثات المركبات في التقاطعات وقد استخدم برنامجSidra Intersection v5 لحساب كميات الوقود المستهلك وكميات الانبعاثات الناتجة وبرنامج Aermod View v8 تم استخدامه لغرض نمذجة انبعاثات المركبات من خلال معاملات الانبعاث .وان وقت النمذجة هي ساعة الذروة الصباحية 7.5-8.5  اذ تم خلالها رصد اعداد المركبات وانواعها في 16 تقاطع رئيس أجريت عليها الدراسة الميدانية في شهر تموز من سنة 2017.لاوقامت منهجية الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واستخدمت أيضا أساليب التحليل الآلي في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية وتمخضت الدراسة عن كشف التباين في كميات استهلاك الوقود وكميات الملوثات المنبعثة عنها في التقاطعات، اذ تظهر اعلى كميات لاستهلاك الوقود في بعض التقاطعات المحيطة بالمنطقة المركزية للمدينة، وان اتجاه حركة الانبعاثات بفعل الرياح في شهر تموز تكون بمحورين رئيسيين الأول باتجاه الجنوب الشرقي والثاني باتجاه الشمال الغربي. وان اكاسيد النتروجين تغطي اكبر مساحة مقارنة ببقية الملوثات. اما المسافة عن مصدر الانبعاث فان المستويات الأعلى تركيزا عادة ما تكون أقرب الى مصدر الانبعاث وبمسافات متقاربة.The study area is the city of Al-Diwaniyah, the center of the province of Al-Diwaniyah, and this made it an important node of the main transport routes, most of which pass through the city. The city has a total area of ​​4711 hectares and includes five sectors with 61 residential neighborhoods. The study aims to detect the spatial variation of concentrations of air pollutants of carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels through the use of dispersion and dispersion models for vehicle emissions at intersections. The Sidra Intersection v5 software is used to calculate the quantities of fuel consumed and the resulting emissions , Aermod View v8 is also is used to model vehicle emissions taking in to consideration the modeling time is the morning rush hour 7.5-8.5 AM, during which the monitoring of the numbers and types of vehicles in 16  main intersection of the field study in July of 2017.The methodology of the study is based on the analytical descriptive method. The methods of automated analysis are also used in GIS. The study reveals the difference in the quantities of fuel consumption and the quantities of pollutants emitted at the intersectionswhere the highest amounts of fuel consumption are in some of the intersections surrounding the central area of ​​the city, and the direction of the movement of emissions by the wind in July are two main axes, the first towards the south-east and the second to the north-west. Nitrogen oxides cover more space than compared with other pollutants. The distance from the source of emission, shows that the higher concentration levels are usually closer to the source of emission and close distances

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of spontaneous coronary artery dissection identifies risk variants and genes related to artery integrity and tissue-mediated coagulation

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an understudied cause of myocardial infarction primarily affecting women. It is not known to what extent SCAD is genetically distinct from other cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Here we present a genome-wide association meta-analysis (1,917 cases and 9,292 controls) identifying 16 risk loci for SCAD. Integrative functional annotations prioritized genes that are likely to be regulated in vascular smooth muscle cells and artery fibroblasts and implicated in extracellular matrix biology. One locus containing the tissue factor gene F3, which is involved in blood coagulation cascade initiation, appears to be specific for SCAD risk. Several associated variants have diametrically opposite associations with CAD, suggesting that shared biological processes contribute to both diseases, but through different mechanisms. We also infer a causal role for high blood pressure in SCAD. Our findings provide novel pathophysiological insights involving arterial integrity and tissue-mediated coagulation in SCAD and set the stage for future specific therapeutics and preventions

Publisher Correction: Sex-dimorphic genetic effects and novel loci for fasting glucose and insulin variability.

Correction to: Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19366-9, published online 5 January 2021. The original version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 2, in which panels a and b were inadvertently swapped. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article

Publisher Correction: Sex-dimorphic genetic effects and novel loci for fasting glucose and insulin variability.

Correction to: Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19366-9, published online 5 January 2021. The original version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 2, in which panels a and b were inadvertently swapped. This has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article

Understanding How Microplastics Affect Marine Biota on the Cellular Level Is Important for Assessing Ecosystem Function: A Review

Plastic has become indispensable for human life. When plastic debris is discarded into waterways, these items can interact with organisms. Of particular concern are microscopic plastic particles (microplastics) which are subject to ingestion by several taxa. This review summarizes the results of cutting-edge research about the interactions between a range of aquatic species and microplastics, including effects on biota physiology and secondary ingestion. Uptake pathways via digestive or ventilatory systems are discussed, including (1) the physical penetration of microplastic particles into cellular structures, (2) leaching of chemical additives or adsorbed persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and (3) consequences of bacterial or viral microbiota contamination associated with microplastic ingestion. Following uptake, a number of individual-level effects have been observed, including reduction of feeding activities, reduced growth and reproduction through cellular modifications, and oxidative stress. Microplastic-associated effects on marine biota have become increasingly investigated with growing concerns regarding human health through trophic transfer. We argue that research on the cellular interactions with microplastics provide an understanding of their impact to the organisms’ fitness and, therefore, its ability to sustain their functional role in the ecosystem. The review summarizes information from 236 scientific publications. Of those, only 4.6% extrapolate their research of microplastic intake on individual species to the impact on ecosystem functioning. We emphasize the need for risk evaluation from organismal effects to an ecosystem level to effectively evaluate the effect of microplastic pollution on marine environments. Further studies are encouraged to investigate sublethal effects in the context of environmentally relevant microplastic pollution conditions

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed