Effects of grafting combinations on the nutritional composition of pepper fruit

[EN] Introduction. Interest in grafting onto rootstocks resistant to soil-borne pathogens has risen since the phasing-out of methyl bromide, an efficient soil disinfectant. In this study, we have evaluated the putative effect of rootstock¿scion combinations on pepper fruit nutritional quality in relation to grafting, an effect that is sometimes overlooked. Materials and methods. As the scions, we used two representative sweet pepper cultivars, `Almuden¿ and `Coyote¿, and as rootstocks `Foc¿ and `Charlot¿, both resistant to Phytophthora capsici and Meloidogyne incognita. Dry matter, soluble solids, proteins, phenolics, and vitamin C content, as well as eight minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, and Zn) were measured in fruits from non-grafted, self-grafted, and grafted plants. Results and discussion. Differences in the fruit composition were found, depending on the genotype, rootstock, or rootstock¿scion combination. The main effects were as follows. Higher values of ¿Brix, phenolics, P, Mg, and Na were found in the fruit of `Coyote¿ whereas the vitamin C and Fe levels were higher in `Almuden¿ fruit. The dry matter, protein, and K concentrations were higher in the fruit from grafted plants with respect to the values from non-grafted plants, especially in the fruit from plants grafted onto `Charlot¿ and `Foc¿ rootstocks (increases of 11.8%, 17.6%, and 9.6%, respectively; when average values of the four combinations of these rootstocks). Fruit from `Almuden¿ and `Coyote¿ plants grafted onto the rootstock `Foc¿ had lower ¿Brix values (about one degree less than the control) and lower values of phenolics were also obtained when used this rootstock (14.4% less than for the control). On the other hand, the P concentration was higher in the fruit of `Coyote¿ grafted onto `Charlot¿ (17.2% higher than for the control). This combination also exhibited the highest fruit K concentration (226.70 mg 100 g¿1 fresh weight). Conclusion. From a nutritional point of view it is important to evaluate and select the best rootstock¿scion combinations: in our assay, this was `Charlot¿¿`Coyote¿ the fruit of which showed the highest ¿Brix and K, P, and protein concentrations.This work was funded by the Fundacion Agroalimed (supported by the Valencian regional government - the Comunidad Valenciana). We thank Dr. David Walker for the revision of the written English in the manuscriptSanchez Torres, P.; Raigón Jiménez, MD.; Gammoudi, N.; Gisbert Domenech, MC. (2016). Effects of grafting combinations on the nutritional composition of pepper fruit. Fruits. 71(4):249-256. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2016014S24925671

Improvement of regeneration in pepper: a recalcitrant species

[EN] Organogenesis is influenced by factors like genotype, type of explant, culture medium components, and incubation conditions. The influence of ethylene, which can be produced in the culture process, can also be a limiting factor in recalcitrant species like pepper. In this work, bud induction was achieved from cotyledons and hypocotyls-from eight pepper cultivars-on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 22.2 mu M 6-benzyladenine (6BA) and 5.71 mu M indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), in media with or without silver nitrate (SN) (58.86 mu M), a suppressor of ethylene action. In the SN-supplemented medium, the frequencies of explants with buds and with callus formation were lower in both kinds of explant, but higher numbers of developed shoots were isolated from explants cultured on SN. Bud elongation was better in medium with gibberellic acid (GA(3)) (2.88 mu M) than in medium free of growth regulators or supplemented with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) at 34.5 mu M. However, isolation of shoots was difficult and few plants were recovered. The effect of adding SN following bud induction (at 7 d) and that of dark incubation (the first 7 d of culture) was also assessed in order to improve the previous results. When SN was added after bud induction, similar percentages of bud induction were found for cotyledons (average frequency 89.37% without SN and 94.37% with SN) whereas they doubled in hypocotyls (50% without SN and 87.7% with SN). In addition, in both kinds of explant, the number of developed plants able to be transferred to soil (developed and rooted) was greatly increased by SN. Dark incubation does not seem to improve organogenesis in pepper, and hypocotyl explants clearly represent a better explant choice-with respect to cotyledonary explants-for the pepper cultivars assayed.We thank the COMAV germplasm bank at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and the Arid Lands Institute for pepper seeds and the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research who fund N. Gammoudi's stay.Gammoudi, N.; San Pedro-Galan, T.; Ferchichi, A.; Gisbert Domenech, MC. (2018). Improvement of regeneration in pepper: a recalcitrant species. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant. 54(2):145-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-017-9838-1S145153542Ashrafuzzaman M, Hossain MM, Razi Ismail M, Shahidul Haque M, Shahidullah SM, Uz Zaman S (2009) Regeneration potential of seedling explants of chilli (Capsicum annuum). Afr J Biotechnol 8:591–596Bortesi L, Fischer R (2015) The CRISPR/Cas9 system for plant genome editing and beyond. Biotechnol Adv 33:41–52Brooks C, Nekrasov V, Lippman ZB, Van Eck J (2014) Efficient gene editing in tomato in the first generation using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated9 system. Plant Physiol 166:1292–1297Brown DC, Thorpe TA (1995) Crop improvement through tissue culture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 11:409–415Carvalho MAF, Paiva R, Stein VC, Herrera RC, Porto JMP, Vargas DP, Alves E (2014) Induction and morpho-ultrastructural analysis of organogenic calli of a wild passion fruit. Braz Arch Biol Technol 57:581–859Christopher T, Rajam MV (1996) Effect of genotype, explant and medium on in vitro regeneration of red pepper. Plant CellTiss Org Cult 46:245–250Dabauza M, Peña L (2001) High efficiency organogenesis in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) tissues from different seedling explants. Plant Growth Regul 33:221–229De Filippis LF (2014) Crop improvement through tissue culture. In: Ahmad P, Wani MR, Azooz MM, Tran LSP (eds) Improvement of crops in the era of climate changes, vol 1. Springer, New York, pp 289–346Gammoudi N, Ben Yahia L, Lachiheb B, Ferchichi A (2016) Salt response in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): components of photosynthesis inhibition, proline accumulation and K+/Na+ selectivity. JJ Aridland Agri 2:1–12González A, Arigita L, Majada J, Sánchez Tamés R (1997) Ethylene involvement in in vitro organogenesis and plant growth of Populus tremula L. Plant Growth Regul 22:1–6Grozeva S, Rodeva V, Todorova V (2012) In vitro shoot organogenesis in Bulgarian sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties. EJBio 8:39–44Gunay AL, Rao PS (1978) In vitro plant regeneration from hypocotyls and cotyledon explants of red pepper (Capsicum). Plant Sci Lett 11:365–372Huxter TJ, Thorpe TA, Reid DM (1981) Shoot initiation in light- and dark-grown tobacco callus: the role of ethylene. Physiol Plant 53:319–326Hyde CL, Phillips GC (1996) Silver nitrate promotes shoot development and plant regeneration of chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) via organogenesis. In Vitro-Plant 32:72–80Kothari SL, Joshi A, Kachhwaha S, Ochoa-Alejo N (2010) Chilli peppers—a review on tissue culture and transgenesis. Biotechnol Adv 28:35–48Kumar AO, Rupavathi T, Tata SS (2012) Adventitious shoot bud induction in chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. X-235). In J Sci Nat 3:192–196Kumar PP, Lakshmanan P, Thorpe TA (1998) Regulation of morphogenesis in plant tissue culture by ethylene. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 34:94–103Liu W, Parrott WA, Hildebrand DF, Collins GB, Williams EG (1990) Agrobacterium induced gall formation in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and formation of shoot-like structures expressing introduced genes. Plant Cell Rep 9:360–364Maligeppagol M, Manjula R, Navale PM, Babu KP, Kumbar BM, Laxman RH (2016) Genetic transformation of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) with Dreb1A transcription factor known to impart drought tolerance. Indian J Biotechnol 15:17–24Mantiri FR, Kurdyukov S, Chen SK, Rose RJ (2008) The transcription factor MtSERF1 may function as a nexus between stress and development in somatic embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula. Plant Signal Behav 3:498–500Mezghani N, Jemmali A, Elloumi N, Gargouri-Bouzid R, Kintzios S (2007) Morpho-histological study on shoot bud regeneration in cotyledon cultures of pepper (Capsicum annuum). Biologia 62:704–710Mohamed-Yasseen Y (2001) Influence of agar and activated charcoal on uptake of gibberellin and plant morphogenesis in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol - Plant 37:204–205Moshkov IE, Novikova GV, Hall MA, George EF (2008) Plant growth regulators III: ethylene. In: George EF, Hall MA, Klerk G-JD (eds) Plant propagation by tissue culture, vol 1, 3rdedn. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 239–248Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497Nogueira RC, Paiva R, de Oliveira LM, Soares GA, Soares FP, Castro AHF, Paiva PDO (2007) Calli induction from leaf explants of murici-pequeno (Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.) Ciênc Agrotec 31:366–370Ochoa-Alejo N, Ramirez-Malagon R (2001) In vitro chili pepper biotechnology. In Vitro Cell Devl Biol Plant 37:701–729Orlińska M, Nowaczy P (2015) In vitro plant regeneration of 4 Capsicum spp. genotypes using different explant types. Turk J Biol 39:60–68Reid MS (1995) Ethylene in plant growth, development and senescence. In: Davies PJ (ed) Plant hormones: physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, 2nd edn. 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Salt response in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): components of photosynthesis inhibition, proline accumulation and K+/Na+ selectivity

Three salinity of irrigation water (control, 70, 120 and 170 mM NaCl) were applied to five cultivars of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) collected from the South of Tunisia. After three weeks, relative water content, photosynthetic pigment levels, gas exchange, proline, soluble sugars and ions K+ and Na+ concentrations were measured. The results showed that the inhibition of photosynthesis was not mainly stomatal, but probably biochemical manifesting by a stability of stomatal conductance up to 120 mM NaCl and accompanied by a continuous increase in intercellular CO2 concentration under the three concentrations of salt. Proline content increased considerably as a result of stress and reaches almost double those of controls in cultivars Alaya, Shkira and Sgay and even triple in cultivars Maghraoua and Farch. Solubles sugars do not contribute effectively to the osmotic adjustment. Mineral analysis showed that until 120 mM NaCl, the highest concentration of Na+ was obtained in stems, probably reflecting the existence of a re-circulation mechanism of Na+. Meanwhile, salinity reduced the foliar K+ content. At stems level, K+ concentration does not show significantly disruptions compared to control. However, at the roots, there is a continuous increase in potassium content. For K+/Na+ shoot ratio and at 70 mM NaCl, all cultivars showed a decrease of selectivity except cv. Maghraoua. At 120 and 170 mM, the same cultivar showed the lowest reduction. In root system, at 70 mM NaCl, cv. Maghraoua showed the greater improvement of selectivity.Â

Salt response in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): components of photosynthesis inhibition, proline accumulation and K+/Na+ selectivity

Three salinity of irrigation water (control, 70, 120 and 170 mM NaCl) were applied to five cultivars of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) collected from the South of Tunisia. After three weeks, relative water content, photosynthetic pigment levels, gas exchange, proline, soluble sugars and ions K+ and Na+ concentrations were measured. The results showed that the inhibition of photosynthesis was not mainly stomatal, but probably biochemical manifesting by a stability of stomatal conductance up to 120 mM NaCl and accompanied by a continuous increase in intercellular CO2 concentration under the three concentrations of salt. Proline content increased considerably as a result of stress and reaches almost double those of controls in cultivars Alaya, Shkira and Sgay and even triple in cultivars Maghraoua and Farch. Solubles sugars do not contribute effectively to the osmotic adjustment. Mineral analysis showed that until 120 mM NaCl, the highest concentration of Na+ was obtained in stems, probably reflecting the existence of a re-circulation mechanism of Na+. Meanwhile, salinity reduced the foliar K+ content. At stems level, K+ concentration does not show significantly disruptions compared to control. However, at the roots, there is a continuous increase in potassium content. For K+/Na+ shoot ratio and at 70 mM NaCl, all cultivars showed a decrease of selectivity except cv. Maghraoua. At 120 and 170 mM, the same cultivar showed the lowest reduction. In root system, at 70 mM NaCl, cv. Maghraoua showed the greater improvement of selectivity.

L'Auto-vélo : automobilisme, cyclisme, athlétisme, yachting, aérostation, escrime, hippisme / dir. Henri Desgranges

17 mars 19401940/03/17 (A41,N14331)

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Somatic embryogenesis from seeds in a broad range of Vitis vinifera L. varieties: rescue of true-to-type virus-free plants

Virus status and microsatellites (SSRs) profile of mother plants and plantlets from somatic embryos of cultivars Tempranillo and Pinot Blanc plants. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 3: Table S3. of Somatic embryogenesis from seeds in a broad range of Vitis vinifera L. varieties: rescue of true-to-type virus-free plants

SSR profiles of the varieties Cabernet Franc, Godello, Merlot and Valencí Blanc and those regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. (DOCX 17 kb

Erysipèle du membre inférieur: étude de 400 cas [Erysipelas of the lower limb: study of 400 cases]

Introduction: Erysipelas is an acute, non-necrotizing dermo-hypodermitis of predominantly streptococcal origin. Objective: To clarify the epidemiological and evolutionary features of the lower limb erysipelas through a hospital series. Materiels and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all cases of lower limb erysipelas hospitalized in the Department of Dermatology of the Farhat Hached Hospital of Sousse between January 2000 and December 2015 (10 years). Results: Four hundred cases of erysipelas of the lower limb were recorded. The mean age of the patients was 55.82 years. The sex ratio was 1.51. The main predisposing factors were sedentarity, diabetes and obesity. In 96.75% of cases, entry lesion, like mycoses or traumatic injuries was noted. Clinically, a classic presentation of erysipelas was described in all cases. Erysipela was unilateral in 96% of cases. Treatment was based on intravenous penicillin G in 86.5% of cases, on an average of 9.75 days. The evolution was favorable in 83.25% of cases. Antibioprophylaxis was prescribed in 38% of cases. Loco-regional and general complications were noted in 10.25% of cases. Three patients died. Late complications were dominated by relapses and persistence of sequelled lymphedema. RÉSUMÉ Introduction: L’érysipèle est une dermo-hypodermite aigue, non nécrosante, d’origine principalement streptococcique. Objectif: préciser les particularités épidémio-cliniques et évolutives de l’Erysipèle du membre inferieur à travers une série hospitalière. Matériel et Méthodes: Nous avons rétrospectivement analysé tous les cas d’érysipèle du membre inférieur hospitalisés dans le service de dermatologie de l’hôpital Farhat Hached de Sousse entre janvier 2000 et décembre 2015 (10 ans). Résultats: Quatre cents cas d’érysipèle du membre inférieur ont été recensés. L’âge moyen des patients était de 55.82 ans. Le sexe ratio était de 1.51. Les principaux facteurs favorisants étaient : la sédentarité, le diabète et la surcharge pondérale. Une porte d’entrée à type d’intertrigo interorteil ou de plaie traumatique était notée dans 96.75% des cas. Cliniquement, un tableau typique d’érysipèle était décrit dans tous les cas. L’atteinte était unilatérale dans 96% des cas. Le traitement était à base de pénicilline G par voie intraveineuse dans 86,5% des cas pendant en moyenne 9.75 jours. L’évolution était favorable dans 83.25% des cas. Une antibioprophylaxie était prescrite chez 38% des cas. Les complications loco-régionales et générales précoces étaient notées dans 10.25% des cas. Trois patients étaient décedés. Les complications tardives étaient dominées par les récidives et la persistance d’un lymphoedème séquellaire

Somatic embryogenesis from seeds in a broad range of Vitis vinifera L. varieties: rescue of true-to-type virus-free plants

Abstract Background Somatic embryogenesis is the preferred method for cell to plant regeneration in Vitis vinifera L. However, low frequencies of plant embryo conversion are commonly found. In a previous work we obtained from cut-seeds of a grapevine infected with the Grapevine leafroll associated viruses 1 and 3 (GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3), high rates of direct regeneration, embryo plant conversion and sanitation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of this procedure for regeneration of other grapevine varieties which include some infected with one to three common grapevine viruses (GLRaV-3, Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV)). As grapevine is highly heterozygous, it was necessary to select from among the virus-free plants those that regenerated from mother tissues around the embryo, (true-to-type). Results Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration were achieved in a first experiment, using cut-seeds from the 14 grapevine varieties Airén, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Mencía, Merlot, Monastrell, Petit Verdot, Pinot Blanc (infected by GFLV and GFkV), Pinot Gris, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Tempranillo (infected by GFLV), and Verdil. All regenerated plants were confirmed to be free of GFkV whereas at least 68% sanitation was obtained for GFLV. The SSR profiles of the virus-free plants showed, in both varieties, around 10% regeneration from mother tissue (the same genetic make-up as the mother plant). In a second experiment, this procedure was used to sanitize the varieties Cabernet Franc, Godello, Merlot and Valencí Blanc infected by GLRaV-3, GFkV and/or GFLV. Conclusions Cut-seeds can be used as explants for embryogenesis induction and plant conversion in a broad range of grapevine varieties. The high regeneration rates obtained with this procedure facilitate the posterior selection of true-to-type virus-free plants. A sanitation rate of 100% was obtained for GFkV as this virus is not seed-transmitted. However, the presence of GLRaV-3 and GFLV in some of the regenerated plants showed that both viruses are seed-transmitted. The regeneration of true-to-type virus-free plants from all infected varieties indicates that this methodology may represent an alternative procedure for virus cleaning in grapevine