Methyl 1-cyclo­hexyl-6,7-dimeth­oxy-3,4-dihydro­isoquinoline-3-carboxyl­ate

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H25NO4. A single C—H⋯π inter­action and various inter­molecular contacts (2.65–2.83 Å) link the independent mol­ecules in the crystal structure. The N-containing six-membered ring assumes a twisted half-boat conformation

(1S,3S)-Methyl 2-benzyl-6,7-dimeth­oxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­isoquinoline-3-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C26H27NO4, the heterocyclic ring assumes a half-chair conformation and inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions help to construct the three-dimensional network within the crystal packing

(3S)-2-Benzyl-3-carb­oxy-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­isoquinolinium chloride monohydrate

In the title compound, C17H18NO2 +·Cl−·H2O, a precursor to novel asymmetric catalysts, the N-containing six-membered ring of the tetra­hydro­quinolinium unit assumes a half-boat conformation. In the crystal, inter­molecular O—H⋯O, O—H⋯Cl, N—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network

(1S,3S)-Methyl 6,7-dimeth­oxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­isoquinoline-3-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C19H21NO4, an organocatalyst with a tetra­hydro­isoquinoline backbone, the heterocyclic ring assumes a half-boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 82.93 (8)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to (10)

(1R,3S)-Methyl 6,7-dimeth­oxy-1-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­isoquinoline-3-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C20H23NO5, is the third in a series of tetra­hydoisoquinoline (TIQ) compounds that are precursors to novel chiral catalysts. The N-containing six-membered ring assumes a half-boat conformation. No hydrogen bonding is observed in the crystal structure

Development of an energy-dense biscuit suitable for primary school learners for the South African National School Nutrition Programme

South Africa has a well established National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP). Despite rescheduling the mealtime to two hours after the start of the school day to accommodate learners who come to school on an empty stomach, a gap still exists as many children start their learning day with low energy and concentration levels. A cost-effective, energy-dense snack served at the start of the school day can be a solution to sustain learners until the main meal is served. Cross-sectional surveys were used to determine the snack preferences of children and the product development process was used to develop a suitable snack. An energy-dense peanut butter biscuit was developed based on those surveys as well as a scoping review of previous snack studies. The energy-dense developed product provided 1388kJ (61.0%) of energy from fat, 688kJ (30.2%) of energy from carbohydrates and 201kJ (8.8%) of energy from protein per 100g. The biscuit conformed to microbial testing standards. Shelf-life analysis projected a shelf-life of five weeks fresh and five months in food grade packaging. Sensory results showed that there was no significant difference in sensory scores across gender (p=0.691) and age (p=0.706). More of the learners (n=56, 69.1%) found the biscuit to be ‘Super good’ than the other ratings (p<.0005). When compared with similar biscuit products currently on the market, it was found that the developed biscuit was the most reasonably priced. The developed biscuit has the potential to serve as a solution to hidden hunger for children that come to school on an empty stomach. This versatile snack solution has potential for continuity of use even during periods of national crisis as with COVID-19, when learners’ nutritional needs may be most vulnerable

(S)-4-Phenyl-2-(1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­isoquinolin-3-yl)-1,3-thia­zole

In the title compound, C18H16N2S, the N-containing ring adopts a half-chair configuration. The crystal packing features C—H⋯N contacts. There is no π–π stacking within the crystal structure

2-[(1R,3S)-6,7-Dimeth­oxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­isoquinolin-3-yl]-4-phenyl-1,3-thia­zole

In the title compound, C26H24N2O2S, the dihedral angle between the thia­zole ring and the adjacent phenyl ring is 3.02 (15)°. The N-containing six-membered ring of the tetra­hydro­isoquinoline unit adopts a half-chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the least-squares plane of the tetra­hydro­isoquinoline ring system and its nearest phenyl ring is 76.90 (13)°. No classical hydrogen bonds nor π–π inter­actions were found in the crystal structure

(S)-Methyl 3-(3,4-dimeth­oxy­phen­yl)-2-[2-(diphenyl­phosphan­yl)benzamido]­propano­ate

Mol­ecules of the title compound, C31H30NO5P, show a sttagered conformation about the C—C bond joining the dimeth­oxy­benzene group to the chiral centre, with the dimeth­oxy­benzene ring gauche to the amide group and anti to the ester group. In the crystal, weak inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form layers parallel to (110)

Primary nephrotic syndrome in the new millennium in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Background. The outcome and response of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) to steroids have been linked to race.Objectives. To determine the age of presentation, sex, race, histopathology, kidney function and disease status at the last hospital visit and correlate these with steroid response in Indian and black African children with idiopathic NS.Methods. This is a retrospective review of 231 children aged 1 - 14 years, who were seen at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa (SA) from 2003 to 2018.Results. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of presentation was 6.2 (3.4) years, with the majority of children (n=107; 46.3%) presenting at an early age (1 - 3 years) with a mean (SD) follow-up of 3.0 (2.4) years. One-hundred and twenty-one (52.4%) were males and 110 (47.6%) were females, with a male/female ratio of 1.1:1. There were 166 (71.9%) black African and 65 (28.1%) Indian children. The latter presented at a younger age than black African children (p<0.001). Seventy-six (32.9%) children were steroid sensitive (SS) and 155 (67.1%) were steroid resistant (SR). Black African children were more likely to be SR (odds ratio (OR) 2.0; p=0.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 - 3.7). A kidney biopsy was performed in 209 (90.5%) children. Minimal change disease (MCD) was observed in 32 (13.9%) children and 162 (70.1%) had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Black African children were slightly more likely to have FSGS; this, however, did not reach statistical significance (122/166 (73.5%) v. 40/65 (61.5%); OR 1.73; p=0.08; 95% CI 0.94 - 3.18). On comparing disease status at last hospital visit by race, 49/65 (75.4%) Indian and 94/166 (56.6%) black African children were in remission. At last hospital visit, black African children were less likely to be in remission than Indian children (OR 0.47; p=0.02; 95% CI 0.2 - 0.9), while 15/65 (23.1%) Indian and 47/166 (28.3%) black African children had relapsed, with no significant difference between the two groups. One (1.5%) Indian child and 25 (15.1%) black African children had end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (OR 9.27; p=0.03; 95% CI 1.2 - 70.4) ‒ the majority had FSGS. Sixteen (61.5%) received renal replacement therapy.Conclusions. Our study shows a rising incidence of FSGS, with the majority of patients having SRNS, particularly black African children. This highlights the need for alternative efficacious therapy in the management of this disease. Also, a higher percentage of black African children with both MCD and FSGS were SS on histopathological examination, which was in keeping with reports from other regions in SA. There are still major challenges for the inclusion of all children into a chronic dialysis and transplant programme