Az EFOP-3.4.3-16-2016-00016 azonosítószámú projekt, „A.4. Kárpát-medencei oktatási tér kialakítása” alprojektjének keretében elkészült tananyagfejlesztés kivonat: Educational material development completed within the framework of the project called „A.4. Creation of an educational space in the Carpathian Basin „ with identification number: EFOP- 3.4.3-16-2016-00016 extract

The developments implemented within the framework of sub-project A.4 of the project with the identification number EFOP-3.4.3-16-2016-00016 will take place at the Széchenyi István University in order to jointly improve the quality and accessibility of higher education.  Kivonat Az EFOP-3.4.3-16-2016-00016 azonosítószámú projekt A.4 alprojekt keretében megvalósuló fejlesztések a felsőfokú oktatás minőségének és hozzáférhetőségének együttes javítása érdekében történnek a Széchenyi István Egyetemen.  &nbsp

Alakzatkutatás = Research of Figures

Alakzatlexikon Az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Mai Magyar Nyelvi Tanszéke mellett működő Stíluskutató Csoport hat évi munkával megszerkesztette az első magyar alakzatlexikont. A lexikon mintegy 150 szócikkben (és kb.60 ívnyi terjedelemben) tárgyalja a legfontosabb alakzatokat, ide véve az alakzatok elméleti hátterét megvilágító címszavakat, továbbá a legfőbb trópusokat és az alkzathoz kapcsolódó szemantikai, retorikai, valamint verstani jelenségeket. A szerzők minden bizonnyal hozzájárultak az elméleti kérdések megoldásához, olyanokhoz, mint mi az alakzat, az alakzat és a trópus összefüggése, az alakzatok grammatikai besorolása, valamint az alakzatok és a négy változáskategória kapcsolata | Encyclopeadia of Figures After six years of work,the stylistic research group at Eötvös Universíty, Department of Modern Hungarian, completed the first Hungarian encyclopeadia of figures. The encyclopeadia treats the important figures in 150 entries. Theoretical questions of figures, tropes, semantic, rethorical and prosodic phenomenea of figures are dealt with, too. The authors also concentrated on the realition of figures and tropes, on the grammatical categorization of figures, and on the realition between the figures and the four types of change

Long term efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilar infliximab after one year in a prospective nationwide cohort

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Directed evolution of multiple genomic loci allows the prediction of antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic development is frequently plagued by the rapid emergence of drug resistance. However, assessing the risk of resistance development in the preclinical stage is difficult. Standard laboratory evolution approaches explore only a small fraction of the sequence space and fail to identify exceedingly rare resistance mutations and combinations thereof. Therefore, new rapid and exhaustive methods are needed to accurately assess the potential of resistance evolution and uncover the underlying mutational mechanisms. Here, we introduce directed evolution with random genomic mutations (DIvERGE), a method that allows an up to million-fold increase in mutation rate along the full lengths of multiple predefined loci in a range of bacterial species. In a single day, DIvERGE generated specific mutation combinations, yielding clinically significant resistance against trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin. Many of these mutations have remained previously undetected or provide resistance in a species-specific manner. These results indicate pathogen-specific resistance mechanisms and the necessity of future narrow-spectrum antibacterial treatments. In contrast to prior claims, we detected the rapid emergence of resistance against gepotidacin, a novel antibiotic currently in clinical trials. Based on these properties, DIvERGE could be applicable to identify less resistance-prone antibiotics at an early stage of drug development. Finally, we discuss potential future applications of DIvERGE in synthetic and evolutionary biology

Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles

Release of membrane vesicles, a process conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, represents an evolutionary link, and suggests essential functions of a dynamic extracellular vesicular compartment (including exosomes, microparticles or microvesicles and apoptotic bodies). Compelling evidence supports the significance of this compartment in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. However, classification of membrane vesicles, protocols of their isolation and detection, molecular details of vesicular release, clearance and biological functions are still under intense investigation. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of extracellular vesicles. After discussing the technical pitfalls and potential artifacts of the rapidly emerging field, we compare results from meta-analyses of published proteomic studies on membrane vesicles. We also summarize clinical implications of membrane vesicles. Lessons from this compartment challenge current paradigms concerning the mechanisms of intercellular communication and immune regulation. Furthermore, its clinical implementation may open new perspectives in translational medicine both in diagnostics and therapy

CaMKIIα Promoter-Controlled Circuit Manipulations Target Both Pyramidal Cells and Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Networks

A key assumption in studies of cortical functions is that excitatory principal neurons, but not inhibitory cells express calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II subunit α (CaMKIIα) resulting in a widespread use of CaMKIIα promoter-driven protein expression for principal cell manipulation and monitoring their activities. Using neuroanatomical and electrophysiological methods we demonstrate that in addition to pyramidal neurons, multiple types of cortical GABAegic cells are targeted by adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) driven by the CaMKIIα promoter in both male and female mice. We tested the AAV5 and AAV9 serotype of viruses with either Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2)-mCherry or Archaerhodopsin-T-green fluorescent protein (GFP) constructs, with different dilutions. We show that in all cases, the reporter proteins can visualize a large fraction of different interneuron types, including parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and cholecystokinin (CCK)-containing GABAergic cells, which altogether cover around 60% of the whole inhibitory cell population in cortical structures. Importantly, the expression of the excitatory opsin Channelrhodopsin 2 in the interneurons effectively drive spiking of infected GABAergic cells even if the immunodetectability of reporter proteins is ambiguous. Thus, our results challenge the use of CaMKIIα promoter-driven protein expression as a selective tool in targeting cortical glutamatergic neurons using viral vectors