Mısırda’ki bakla arı tozlayıcıların bolluğu ve yiyecek arama faaliyetleri üzerine bazı insektisitlerin etkisi: Bir vaka çalışması

Insect pollinators provide many essential ecosystem services including pollination, and many others. However, pollinating insects are currently facing potential threats on an unprecedented scale with many species facing decline. Honeybee Apis mellifera comprise nearly 68% of those affected insect pollinators. Irrational Insecticides application, with special reference to neonicotinoides group is one of the main causes of this decline. The main objective of the current study is to investigate the impact of some insecticides application on the activity of broad bean flower-visiting bees. Tested inseticides were thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, thiacloprid (neonicotinoids), spinosyns A and D, beside some organophosphates. Changes in the daily activity of bees visiting broad bean flowers following insecticide application was recorded and compared to their activity before application, throughout until the end of blooming season.Böcek tozlayıcıları, tozlaşma ve diğerleri dahil olmak üzere birçok temel ekosistem hizmeti sağlar. Bununla birlikte, tozlaşan böcekler şu anda birçok türün düşüşle karşı karşıya kalmasıyla eşi görülmemiş bir ölçekte potansiyel tehditlerle karşı karşıya. Bal arısı Apis mellifera, etkilenen böcek tozlaştırıcılarının yaklaşık %68'ini oluşturur. Neonicotinoides grubuna özel atıfta bulunulan irrasyonel İnsektisit uygulaması bu düşüşün ana nedenlerinden biridir. Mevcut çalışmanın temel amacı, bazı insektisit uygulamalarının bakla çiçeğini ziyaret eden arıların aktivitesi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Test edilen insektisitler, bazı organofosfatların yanında tiyametoksam, asetamiprid, tiakloprid (neonikotinoidler), spinosinler A ve D. Bakla çiçeklerini insektisit uygulaması sonrasında ziyaret eden arıların günlük aktivitelerinde meydana gelen değişimler kayıt altına alınmış ve çiçeklenme döneminin sonuna kadar uygulama öncesindeki aktiviteleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır

Toxic Effects of Trichloroethylene on Rat Neuroprogenitor Cells

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common volatile organic solvent which is considered as an ubiquitous environmental pollutant. It is claimed to be a developmental neurotoxicant. Our group evaluated previously its impact on three-dimensional neurospheres in vitro. The current work aims to investigate the neurotoxic effects of a lower concentration of TCE on the same system. To perform the experiment, neural progenitor cells were obtained from the brains of nine newborn rats. Afterward, these cells were cultured in both growth and differentiation media to get the neurospheres. Cell cultures were divided into two groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (exposed to 0.25 μM TCE). Neurospheres were photographed at different durations and assessment of the morphological changes such as proliferation and differentiation of neurospheres was done. In addition, cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis were analyzed using flow cytometry to clarify the mechanism of involved cytotoxicity. The results revealed that TCE-treated neurospheres showed significantly decreased proliferation on days 7 and 14. These cells failed to show the neurogenic differentiation seen in the neurospheres of the control group. Furthermore, a highly significant decrease in viability and a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells were observed in the treated cells in comparison to the control group. The present work confirmed that TCE, at very low doses relevant to daily life exposure in humans, caused neurotoxic effects in 3D neurosphere model through the affection of neural proliferation and differentiation as well as disturbance of cell viability and apoptosis

Vitamin D level in ankylosing spondylitis male patients: A potential association with the functional status and platelet count

Introductions: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), spondyloarthritis (SpA) prototype characteristically involves the axial skeleton and enthesis. The pathogenesis of AS is multifactorial, however it has been reported that one important factor that might contribute is vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D and platelets share specific roles in immune response, bone health and mineral metabolism. Aim of the work: To evaluate the serum vitamin D levels in AS patients and to study the relationship to clinical manifestations, disease activity, mobility and functionality. Patients and methods: The study included 33 male AS patients and 33 matched control. Bath AS metrology index (BASMI), Bath AS disease activity index (BASDAI) and Bath AS functional index (BASFI) were evaluated. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 level was measured. Results: The 33 patients had a mean age of 37.2 ± 10.7 years, disease duration of 12.7 ± 6.8 years. 3 were ex-smokers, 15 currently and 15 never smoke. The mean BASDAI was 4.2 ± 2.1, 19 (57.6%) had BASDAI score ≥ 4 (active). The BASMI was 5.7 ± 1.4 and BASFI was 5.3 ± 2.6. Patient’s vitamin D level (7.2 ± 5.2 ng/ml) was lower significantly than in the control (21.3 ± 10.1 ng/ml) (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the level of vitamin D according to the smoking status (p = 0.9). A significant inverse relation was detected between vitamin D level and BASFI (r = -0.35, p = 0.045) and a significant correlation with the platelet level (r = 0.38, p = 0.027). Conclusion: Low vitamin D level may contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of AS. It is significantly related to the impaired function in the disease and to low platelet count

Global Incidence and Risk Factors Associated With Postoperative Urinary Retention Following Elective Inguinal Hernia Repair

Importance Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a well-recognized complication of inguinal hernia repair (IHR). A variable incidence of POUR has previously been reported in this context, and contradictory evidence surrounds potential risk factors.Objective To ascertain the incidence of, explore risk factors for, and determine the health service outcomes of POUR following elective IHR.Design, Setting, and Participants The Retention of Urine After Inguinal Hernia Elective Repair (RETAINER I) study, an international, prospective cohort study, recruited participants between March 1 and October 31, 2021. This study was conducted across 209 centers in 32 countries in a consecutive sample of adult patients undergoing elective IHR.Exposure Open or minimally invasive IHR by any surgical technique, under local, neuraxial regional, or general anesthesia.Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the incidence of POUR following elective IHR. Secondary outcomes were perioperative risk factors, management, clinical consequences, and health service outcomes of POUR. A preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score was measured in male patients.Results In total, 4151 patients (3882 male and 269 female; median [IQR] age, 56 [43-68] years) were studied. Inguinal hernia repair was commenced via an open surgical approach in 82.2% of patients (n = 3414) and minimally invasive surgery in 17.8% (n = 737). The primary form of anesthesia was general in 40.9% of patients (n = 1696), neuraxial regional in 45.8% (n = 1902), and local in 10.7% (n = 446). Postoperative urinary retention occurred in 5.8% of male patients (n = 224), 2.97% of female patients (n = 8), and 9.5% (119 of 1252) of male patients aged 65 years or older. Risk factors for POUR after adjusted analyses included increasing age, anticholinergic medication, history of urinary retention, constipation, out-of-hours surgery, involvement of urinary bladder within the hernia, temporary intraoperative urethral catheterization, and increasing operative duration. Postoperative urinary retention was the primary reason for 27.8% of unplanned day-case surgery admissions (n = 74) and 51.8% of 30-day readmissions (n = 72).Conclusions The findings of this cohort study suggest that 1 in 17 male patients, 1 in 11 male patients aged 65 years or older, and 1 in 34 female patients may develop POUR following IHR. These findings could inform preoperative patient counseling. In addition, awareness of modifiable risk factors may help to identify patients at increased risk of POUR who may benefit from perioperative risk mitigation strategies

Pancreatic surgery outcomes: multicentre prospective snapshot study in 67 countries

Background: Pancreatic surgery remains associated with high morbidity rates. Although postoperative mortality appears to have improved with specialization, the outcomes reported in the literature reflect the activity of highly specialized centres. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following pancreatic surgery worldwide.Methods: This was an international, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional snapshot study of consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic operations worldwide in a 3-month interval in 2021. The primary outcome was postoperative mortality within 90 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships with Human Development Index (HDI) and other parameters.Results: A total of 4223 patients from 67 countries were analysed. A complication of any severity was detected in 68.7 percent of patients (2901 of 4223). Major complication rates (Clavien-Dindo grade at least IIIa) were 24, 18, and 27 percent, and mortality rates were 10, 5, and 5 per cent in low-to-middle-, high-, and very high-HDI countries respectively. The 90-day postoperative mortality rate was 5.4 per cent (229 of 4223) overall, but was significantly higher in the low-to-middle-HDI group (adjusted OR 2.88, 95 per cent c.i. 1.80 to 4.48). The overall failure-to-rescue rate was 21 percent; however, it was 41 per cent in low-to-middle-compared with 19 per cent in very high-HDI countries.Conclusion: Excess mortality in low-to-middle-HDI countries could be attributable to failure to rescue of patients from severe complications. The authors call for a collaborative response from international and regional associations of pancreatic surgeons to address management related to death from postoperative complications to tackle the global disparities in the outcomes of pancreatic surgery (NCT04652271; ISRCTN95140761)

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population