Synthesis, Characterization and Biomedical Application of Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been employed in various fields of biotechnology due to their proven properties as an antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agent. AgNPs are generally synthesized through chemical, physical and biological approaches involving a myriad of methods. As each approach confers unique advantages and challenges, a trends analysis of literature for the AgNPs synthesis using different types of synthesis were also reviewed through a bibliometric approach. A sum of 10,278 publications were analyzed on the annual numbers of publication relating to AgNPs and biological, chemical or physical synthesis from 2010 to 2020 using Microsoft Excel applied to the Scopus publication database. Furthermore, another bibliometric clustering and mapping software were used to study the occurrences of author keywords on the biomedical applications of biosynthesized AgNPs and a total collection of 224 documents were found, sourced from articles, reviews, book chapters, conference papers and reviews. AgNPs provides an excellent, dependable, and effective solution for seven major concerns: as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, bone healing, bone cement, dental applications and wound healing. In recent years, AgNPs have been employed in biomedical sector due to their antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer properties. This review discussed on the types of synthesis, how AgNPs are characterized and their applications in biomedical field

Formulation and evaluation of an automatic dishwashing detergent using local enzymes

Due to the concern towards the environment, the detergent industry changed their approach to a more environmental friendly, which includes biodegradable chemicals and enzymes. Hence, a locally isolated enzyme, T1 lipase was used to formulate an automatic dishwashing detergent,however the efficiency in the hard water was very low. Consequently, enzymes such as Rand protease and maltogenic amylase were incorporated to formulate a new automatic dishwashing detergent with a better efficiency. All three enzymes have been studied, produced and evaluated for automatic dishwashing detergent (ADD) formulation. Lipase, protease and amylasewere isolated from Geobacillus zalihae strain T1, Bacillus subtilis strain Rand, and Geobacillus sp. SK70, respectively and all are thermophilic enzymes. These enzymes were produced in shake flask scale and the enzymatic activities were assayed. Compatibility tests of these enzymes with different detergent components were carried out. These enzymes were mostly stable in nonionic surfactants, especially those that are made of polyhydric alcohols. All enzymes were also stable in a mixture of sodium carbonate and glycine, at pH 9.25. These enzymes are also stable in sodium citrate. Each free enzyme was evaluated for its highest performance and the amount of enzymes to reach the significant performance was noted and used in detergentformulation. The dishwashing performance of the formulated ADDs was evaluated in term of percent soil removed using the Leenert‘s Improved Detergency Tester. Formulated detergent consists of alkyl polyglucoside (7%) , sodium bicarbonate (3%), polyacrylate (5%), sodium citrate (3%) containing the lipase, protease, amylase. The pH was adjusted using glycine which is approximately 7%. T1 lipase was then spray-dried whereas Rand protease and maltogenic amylase were freeze dried using additives. The addition of three different enzymes did improve the dishwashing efficiency in both soft and hard water. Detergent with encapsulated enzymes showed a better washing than free enzymes in both soft water and hard water. In 350ppm CaCO3, the maximum dishwashing performance was achieved at 20 and 30 minutes of washing using free and encapsulated enzymes respectively. The washing efficiency of formulated detergent containing enzymes was proven better than previous detergent formulation in both soft and hard water. In additiom, performance of these formulated detergents is as efficient as commercial detergent, Finish® at 50 °C. In conclusion, the best working conditions for both formulated detergents are 50 °C and 1.5% detergent concentration. In addition, detergent containing encapsulated enzymes has higher washing efficiency compared to detergent containing free enzymes in most conditions. Futhermore, these detergents should be considered to make it into powder form for a longer storage

Improving the efficiency of new automatic dishwashing detergent formulation by addition of thermostable lipase, protease and amylase

he use of T1 lipase in automatic dishwashing detergent (ADD) is well established, but efficiency in hard water is very low. A new enzymatic environmentally-friendly dishwashing was formulated to be efficient in both soft and hard water. Thermostable enzymes such as T1 lipase from Geobacillus strain T1, Rand protease from Bacillus subtilis strain Rand, and Maltogenic amylase from Geobacillussp. SK70 were produced and evaluated for an automatic dishwashing detergent formulation. The components of the new ADD were optimized for compatibility with these three enzymes. In compatibility tests of the enzymes with different components, several criteria were considered. The enzymes were mostly stable in non-ionic surfactants, especially polyhydric alcohols, Glucopon UP 600, and in a mixture of sodium carbonate and glycine (30:70) buffer at a pH of 9.25. Sodium polyacrylate and sodium citrate were used in the ADD formulation as a dispersing agent and a builder, respectively. Dishwashing performance of the formulated ADDs was evaluated in terms of percent of soil removed using the Leenert‘s Improved Detergency Tester. The results showed that the combination of different hydrolysis enzymes could improve the washing efficiency of formulated ADD compared to the commercial ADD “Finish” at 40 and 50 C

Synthesis, characterization and biomedical application of silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been employed in various fields of biotechnology due to their proven properties as an antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal agent. AgNPs are generally synthesized through chemical, physical and biological approaches involving a myriad of methods. As each approach confers unique advantages and challenges, a trends analysis of literature for the AgNPs synthesis using different types of synthesis were also reviewed through a bibliometric approach. A sum of 10,278 publications were analyzed on the annual numbers of publication relating to AgNPs and biological, chemical or physical synthesis from 2010 to 2020 using Microsoft Excel applied to the Scopus publication database. Furthermore, another bibliometric clustering and mapping software were used to study the occurrences of author keywords on the biomedical applications of biosynthesized AgNPs and a total collection of 224 documents were found, sourced from articles, reviews, book chapters, conference papers and reviews. AgNPs provides an excellent, dependable, and effective solution for seven major concerns: as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, bone healing, bone cement, dental applications and wound healing. In recent years, AgNPs have been employed in biomedical sector due to their antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer properties. This review discussed on the types of synthesis, how AgNPs are characterized and their applications in biomedical field