Investigation into Systematized Teaching Method Between a University and Attached School in Teacher Training for Teaching Technology.

教育実習は教員養成における教科に関しての専門的知識，実践的指導力の育成に大きく関わると考えられている。また，単数の専任教員が指導する技術科において，大学・学部と学校現場の連携は非常に重要である。本研究では，教育実習における技術科教員養成のための体系的な指導方法を検討・試行することを目的とし，到達目標および指導方法の検討と，学生が教育実習時に自己評価するための「授業評価チェックシート」を開発した。授業評価チェックシートは，技術科の教育実習で身に付けられる実践的指導力を整理し，授業観察，学習指導案の作成，模擬授業，授業実践時に用いることができるように構成した。そして，この授業評価チェックシートを用いた指導方法を附属学校で統一し，教育実習関連科目での観察実習や授業実践の場面で実践した。その結果，２期制の教育実習において，附属学校教員がそれぞれの到達目標や方法をもとに学生に指導することができ，それぞれの学校で一貫した指導ができた。「授業評価チェックシート」を用いることで，技術科教員として身に付けるべき資質や能力を学生が自己分析することができ，実践的指導力の向上に貢献できると考えられる。The purpose of this study is to examine the teaching method for student teachers of technology in teaching practice. We developed a “Lesson Evaluation Check Sheet” for student teachers of technology to self-evaluate lessons at the time of educational practice. This sheet was constructed so that practical leadership skills acquired in the teaching practice of the technical department can be categorized and used for lesson observation and lesson practice. We used this sheet in observation practice and teaching practice in the courses related to teaching practice. As a result, attached school teachers were able to instruct students based on our methods in their teaching practice. Furthermore, students were able to self-evaluate the qualities and abilities the students should possess using the “Lesson Evaluation Check Sheet”. We believe that this check sheet will contribute to improving students’ practical leadership skills

The regulatory function of the upstream sequence of the beta-conglycinin alpha subunit gene in seed-specific transcription is associated with the presence of the RY sequence

β-conglycinin, a major component of seed-storage proteins in soybean, comprises three subunits: α, α', and β. Expression of these genes is spatially regulated in a stringent manner and occurs during seed development. To understand the mechanisms that control expression of the α subunit gene, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence of the 2.9-kb region upstream of the gene. The upstream sequence up to –1357 or a series of its 5'-deleted derivatives was fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. These reporter gene constructs were introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana plants via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Prominent GUS activity was detected in developing seeds of the T3 generation when 245 bp or longer sequences of the upstream region were fused to the GUS gene. We found a clear association of decreased GUS activity with a stepwise deletion of a region containing the RY sequence from the original construct. These results are consistent with the notion that multiple sequence elements including the RY sequences are involved in the seed-specific transcriptional activation of the β-conglycinin α subunit gene in soybean

Genecological studies on the varietal differentiation of some crop plants

This experiment was started at the same time of the experiment 3 with the same purpose and continued to fifth generations. In 1939, 34 samples of 7 rape varieties were recollected from the central and five local rape breeding centers where they settled during the past 10 years propagated by self pollinated seeds under paraffin paper bag or victoria lawn cage. Two to six individuals of each local strain representing earliest or latest flowering time were treated year after year. Throughout the progeny test such agronomic characteristics as date of flowering, plant height, number of first order branches, length of ear, size of seedling before transplanting, seed yield per plant, leaf color, waxiness and degree of anthocyan pigmentation were compared among local strains or intra-local lines. The same variation as found in wheat experiment was recognized in this case, that is, some varieties showed small variation among local strains or intra-local lines, however, others deviated greatly. Usually, early flowering type developed in the materials collected from southern regions, and late flowering line separated in the northern stations. From this experiment the author concluded that delivered rape varieties have been continuing to differentiate to new ecotypes reconstructing their genetic composition to adapt their new habitats. In conclusion, the author discussed the development of genecological studies in Japan and abroad or studies of varietal differentiation of main crop plant. Finally, he emphasized that in case of seed raising and propagation of crop plant variety, special attention should be given to the fact that the variety was not static but dynamic, usually has been reconstructing its genetic constitution and differentiating into new ecotype adapting to its new habitats.この実験は小麦に関する実験とほぼ同様な意図と企画のもとに,菜種の7品種を用いて1937年秋着手され,5ヵ年間にわたつて遂行されたものである

Genecological studies on the varietal differentiation of some crop plants I. Experiment on the differentiation of earing date and some other important agronomic characters of the \u22Asahi \u22 strains, a famous lowland rice variety, Oryza sativa L.

In this experiment, the author analyzed the degree of variation of some main agronomic characters of \u22Asahi \u22 strains, one of the famous lowland rice variety, which were discovered in 1909 by a diligent farmer in Kyoto Prefecture as a mutant of the \u22 Hinode \u22, and spread widely for its superior characteristics covering one sixth of the lowland area of Japan proper - namely 530,000 hectares?during the next 27 years. In 1941, 85 samples were collected from 29 agricultural experiment stations or university farm of Japan proper or abroad, Formosa and Korea. These were already separated into 32 different strain names by pure line selection at the delivered stations. Selected seeds of these samples were sown under four different cultural conditions, that is, (I) early direct sowing in Wagner\u27s pot in greenhouse ; (II) late sowing and transplanting in outdoor lowland rice field ; (III) median sowing and densely transplanting in properly wetted field of wooden box coated with thin zinc plate; (IV) the same condition as (III) except 8 hours\u27 short day treatment during 26 days after one month from transplanting. (1) The earing dat e of collected local strains varied greatly according to each cultural condition even among the strains of same name. The gap between the earliest date of earing and the latest one extended to 23, 16, 26 and 12 days repectively for (I), (II), (III) and (IV) cultural conditions. From three correlation tables, namely, between the earing date of (I) and (II), (III) and (IV) and between the differences of growing period from sowing to earing date of (I) and (II), and (III)\u27-(IV), total 85 local strains were classified into 6, 4 and 7 groups respectively. From these results the author found the tendency of differentiation of earing behavior that in the higher latitude regions earlier types were apt to be separated and in the lower latitude districts later types were selected. (2) The leaf number of main culm varied from 14.0 to 16.3 in (I) and from 12.8 to 15.0 in (II), then the differences of most and least leaf number of tested local strains showed more than 2 in each condition. This facts confirmed the differentiation of earing behavior. (3) Wide variation was detected in culm length, that is, 82-122 cm in (I) and 32--82cm in (II), the differences between shortest and tallest strains were 40 and 50 cm in each case. From the correlation table between (I) and (II) total 85 local strains were classified into 7 groups, and he can ascertain the phylogenetic differentiation of culm length. (4) Ear length also showed wide variation, between 18.1 cm and 22.5 cm in (I) and from 8.8 cm to 19.9 cm in (II), but he could not divide clear groups, although the phylogenetic differentiation was found between strains of different name. (5) Tillering number per plant at the most tillering stage varied from 16 to 23 in (I), and the number of ear per plant at harvesting time in (II) deviated from 6 to 14, but he could not grouping the tested strains in different types, although clear defferentiation was found for the tillering behavior. (6) According to the yield capacity, 85 strains tested w ere classified into 4 groups from the correlation table between (I) and (II) of the air-dried total weight. In this case the magnitude of variation extended from 113 g to 264 g in (I) and 110 g to 360 g in (II). He supposed these variation to be caused by the phylgenetic differentiation and the after-effect of the environmental conditions of localities where seed samples were collected. (7) Weight of 1000 unhulled grains varied from 18.6 g to 25.1 g among collected samples, but this variation diminished to from 21.4 g. to 25.1 g among harvested samples in greenhouse condition. In this case such interesting phenomena was ascertained as decrease of grain size was large on the samples collected from far distant localities from original center, that is, warmer low latitude regions or cooler high latitude ones. (8) Awndness is one of the characters which is taken to discriminate varietal differences of rice plant. But this character largely deviates by cultural conditions. In this experiment, among 85 strains entirely awnless strains were counted only 11 in (I), 44 in (III) and 78 in (IV). Notwithstanding such large fluctuation, phylogenetical differentiation of awn character in \u22Asahi \u22 strains were strictly recognized. (9) Furthermore according to those characteristics of ear as number of ear nodes, number of primary rachis, number of secondary rachis, number of caryopsis per primary or secondary rachis, and length of peduncle, large variations were detected among tested strains. It is supposed that these variations were expressed by different genetic constitution. (10) From this experiment, the author concluded hat one mutant strain \u22Asahi \u22 diverged into many different ecotypes during past 30 years through severe selection procedure in their settled regions.農学において作物の品種と呼ばれるものは植物学において一般に生態型と呼ぼれる種の微細区分に該当する場合が多く,栽培年月の長いものほど,また,栽培地域の広いものほど数多くの品種が存在するとされている.したがつて,これら多数の現存品種がいかにして成立したかを明らかにすることは,結局生態型の分化過程を明らかにすることと規を一にするということができよう.種生態学の教えるところに従えば生物の生態型には,気候型,土壌型,生物型が区別され(Turesson,Clausen),農作物の場合にはさらに耕種生態塑が存在することが予想される(寺尾,盛永).例えば,北海道,東北地方に栽培される水稲の極早生品種は該地方の低温長日条件下で生育を完了できるような高感温性,低感光性を獲得した気候生態型と見ることができる(和田ほか).麦類における秋播型,春播型(和田・秋浜,柿崎・鈴木),大小豆における夏型,秋型(松本,河原,永田,有賀)の如きは,栽培時期の日長,温度に恰適するように分化成立した気候型の著例と見ることができる.また,日本産暖地小麦品種の難穂発芽性(近藤・高橋,竹上,小島)のごときも収穫期に遭遇する梅雨期の雨害を軽減するように淘汰選抜された気候生態型とみることができよう.土壌型の例としては,茨城県の石岡試験地で育成された関東の洪積台地向きの大豆農林2号,鳥取県大山地方の在来種から選出された強酸性燐酸欠乏土壌向きのヒラキコムギを指摘することができるが,さらに顕著な例としては需根作物の大根品種に求めることができる.すなわち,関東平野の膨軟で通気性のよい耕土の深い火山灰地帯に成立した長大な練馬大根,尾張平野の重い沖積土地帯に成立した大型で根部抽出度の甚だしい宮重大根,近畿の重粘土地帯で育成された丸型の聖護院大根,木曽川沿岸の砂質で耕土の極めて深い守口地方に作られる著るしく細長い守口大根,硝酸の小礫に富み通気保水力に優れ,かつ,冬季温暖で生育適温期間の長い桜島に成立した桜島大根などは何れも栽培地の土壌の理学性に適応した生育型を示していると見ることができるし(篠原),さらに各種作物にみられる耐病虫性品種の成立は生物生態型とみなすことができる.イネにおける水稲,陸稲あるいは乾稲の分化(原島,泉,小倉),日本型,ジャバ型,印度型の分化(松尾)または大陸型,熱帯島型,温帯島型の分化(岡)は上記の三生態要素に加えて多分に栽培地域の耕種要素が働いて成立した分化型とみることができよう.種生態学は1922年以降スエーデンのTuressonによつて開拓され,さらにアメリカ合衆国においてClausen一派によつて広汎な研究が企てられた.わが国においても盛永博士を始め農学畑の諸先輩(寺尾,野口)によつて広く紹介され,その考え方は主要作物の組織的な育種機構に採択された.種生態学の目標とするところは,種の遺伝学的立地型への分化,すなわち,環境と生態型成立との関係を究明することで,究極の目的とするところは生物の個体群組成の推移を対象とする実験進化学の一分野とみなすことができる.翻ってわが国における主要作物の品種の成立あるいは採択を通覧してみると,公立の農事試験研究機関の設立以前には専ら当業者の採種または抜穂操作によつて選出された地方種に依存していた.明治初中期に国立および府県立の農事試験場が設立されるにおよび,当初は専らこれら地方種の蒐集比較による,いわゆる品種比較試験によつて優良品種の発見増殖がとり上げられた.明治末期より大正年間は主として,デンマークのJohansen(1903)の研究に基く純系説が品種改良手段にとり上げられ,既存品種について広範な分離育種が行なわれて著しい成果を納めた(寺尾,竹崎).メンデリズムの再発見を応用した交雑育種法のきざしは,明治末期に一部機関でとり上げられていたが,本柊的な活用は昭和の初めにイネ,コムギなどの主要作物に関する全国を一丸とした育種組織が確立された以後になるということができよう.すなわち,農林省においてはイネ,コムギなどの優良新品種を育成するために,水稲にいて昭和2年,全国を気候,土質などの相違により,8生態区に分ち,各生態区ごとに一地方試験場を指定して経費の全額を交付し,農林省農事試験場と育種操作過程を分担協力して試験事業を施行する育種組織,すなわち,いわゆる指定試験地制度を設けた.この組織は一且昭和22年度に本省直轄の農事改良実験所制度に改組されたが,さらに,昭和26年度にいたつて,農事試験研究機関の整備統合を機として,大部分は地域農業試験場に移管統合され,一部には指定試験場を残し,新たに補助事業として特性検定試験制度を創設して育種機構の充実を計ることとなつた.しかしてこれらの小数特定の育成地で育成選出された薪品種は実用的純系とみなされて登録され,各県の原種配布組織を通じて関係地域の実際栽培者に配布増殖されることになるのである.このように,ある中心地から伝播移動された新品種はその遺伝組成を変えることなく永続するものであろうか,あるいは伝播先における栽培期間の経過に伴つて,なんらかの分化変貌を呈するものであろうか.このことは極めて重要な問題であるにもかかわらず,この方面に関する研究は絶無といっても過言ではない.現在主要作物の薪品種育成は専ら交雑育種法によつて実施されているが,交雑育種の成功する基底には遺伝子の結合を可能ならしめる優良形質を支配する因子の存在が先駆しなければならない.もつとも,交雑手段によつて補足因子の結合や超越分離Transgressivesegregationの現象をみる場合も少なくないが,計画的な交雑育種が成功するためには,特定環境に恰適した各種優良形質の母材が温存されていなければならない.今日の遺伝学では作物の実用形質には計測しきれぬ程の多数の因子が関与するとする微動因子説Polygenetheory(Mather,酒井)が重視されている.これらの多数の因子は,はたしていかにして成立保存されたものであろうか.実際メンデリズムの発見以前に自然力と当業者のたえざる努力とによつて,すでに主要作物についはて多数の品種が選出されていたことは誰しも認める所であり,これら素材の存在によつて,はじめて今日の交雑育種による成果が発揮されてきたといつても過言ではあるまい.また,今日の進化学説では生物の種または作物の品種は固定不変のものではなく(Sin・skaya),動的なもので環境に支配されて,たえず変動分化してゆくものであるとゆうことは広く認められた事実である.したがつて環境が進化に対して果す役割は軽視することはできない.われわれの取り扱う作物の品種も自然環境ならびに栽培条件の支配をうけてたえず進化への分化をたどつているものと考えることができる.このような観点に立つて,筆者は,一旦成立した作物の品種が発祥地を離れて薪しい立地条件に栽培を続けられた場合に,その遺伝組成がいかなる変相を示すかを若干の作物について分析し,品種の分化過程に関する一連の結果を納めたので,その概要を取りまとめ参考に供することにした.本報告では,まず水稲本報日之出種の突然変異物として発現し,30年の問に関東以南の各地で栽培され,すでに異なつた各種の品種名が附されている旭系品種について,全国29ヵ所から集めた85資料を供試し,前述の種生態学的見地から環境条件を異にした場合の諸形質の発現状態を調査し,各系統の分類をなすと共に,その分化の様相を検討した結果を述べ,ついで交雑育種法によつて育成され成立年次と分布地域を若干異にする水稲陸羽132号,および水稲農林1号を材料に供して同様の試験を行なつた成績を述べる.さらに冬作物としてコムギおよびナタネをとり上げ,組織的な育種事業が開始された当初,育種組織の第1次過程を担当した農林省農事試験場鴻巣試験地から各指定試験地および若干の地方試験場に配布された数品種ずつを10年後に蒐集して,九州大学農学部育種学研究室付属の実験圃場で同一条件下で栽培比較し,同一品種の各種特性にみられた変異の様相を検討した結果を述べ,これらの結果に基づいて作物品種の分化に関する考察を試みた.この研究の一部は丈部省科学研究費の援助を仰いで行なわれたものであり,また,本研究の計画実施に当つては恩師盛永俊太郎博士のたえざる御指導御鞭轄を仰いだことを特記して深厚の謝意を表するとともに,実験材料の送付を辱うした関係各位ならびに材料の栽培,調査に際して寄せられた石川丈雄君,八尋重明君,成績の取りまとめに際しての大村武君,片山平君,池田一君,その他の研究室各位の協力に対して深い謝意を表するものである

Genetical and physiological studies on the dwarf mutants of the rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) : III. Effects of gibberellin A₃ on dwarf mutants of rice plants

The effect of gibberellin A, (GA,) on different dwarf rice mutants was investigated by the measurements of the length of the coleoptile and the seedling height when seeds were soaked in the solution, and of the culm length when plants were sprayed with it. In Kotake-tamanishiki, the coleoptile, the seedling height and the culm length were remarkably elongated by GA, solution. On the contrary, Tankan-shirasasa is less responsive to this chemical solution and showed little increase of growth. The other dwarf types and normal type showed the intermediate response between Kotake-tamanishiki and Tankanshirasasa. It was also confirmed that the Kotake-tamanishiki type selected from the F, population showed similar response to GA,. These results may suggest that the action of the dwarf gene in Kotake-tamanishiki is closely related to the metabolism of gibberellin-like substance

Genetical and physiological studies on the dwarf mutants of the rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) : IV. The amounts of gibberellin-like substances in the dwarf mutants of rice plants

The existence of gibberellin-like substances in ethanol extracts of the seedlings, the upper leaves at the internode elongating stage and the etiolated seedlings grown in darkness of dwarf and normal varieties of rice plants were examined by paper chromatography with ammonical iso-propanol. The effects of the darkness and GA, on the internode elongation of these plants were also investigated. In the seedling stage, the gibberellin-like substance (Rf 0.4-0.7) was found in both dwarf and normal rice plants and this substance corresponded to GA,. However, its amounts differed from each other. Specifically, Daikoku contained more this growth promoting substance than Kotake-tamanishiki. In all the dwarf varieties used in the present experiment and in the normal variety “Kinmaze”, an inhibiting substance was found in the region of Rf value 0.8-1.0. This substance was especially pronounced in “Daikoku”. On the other hand, another growth promoting substance appeared in the region of Rf value 0.0-0.3. Extracts of the upper leaves in the internode elongating stage contained two growth promoting substances in both dwarf and normal rice varieties (Rf 0.0-0.3 and 0.4-0.7). It was found that there was no difference between dwarf and normal rice plants in the amounts of GA3, but the other gibberellin-like substance (Rf 0.0-0.3) was more abundant in normal than in dwarf rice plants. In the dark condition, the dwarf type, ” Tankan-shirasasa ‘0 shows a great elongation of the internode that is nearly equal to the normal type, but in this dwarf type the elongation of the internode is not promoted by the GA, treatment. The amount of gibberellin-like substance (Rf 0.4-0.7) in the dwarf types grown in the dark was not different from that of the normal ones. These results may suggest that the dwarf gene of the dwarf rice variety “Tankan-shirasasa” is closely connected with the elongation of the lower internode, and that the elongation of it was promoted by a gibbercllin-like substance (Rf O&0.3), although in this variety this substance was disturbed by light illumination

Genetical and physiological studies on the dwarf mutants of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) : II. Effect of auxin to dwarf rice plants

Effects of auxin to dwarf mutants of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) were examined by the measurement of length in coleoptile and by the increment of angle between laminae and sheaths of excised leaves in rice plant. In order to investigate the effect of auxin to coleoptile of dwarf rice plants, seeds of these varieties were soaked in auxin solution and distilled water, and sown on 0.6％ agar. After growth in the dark for 6 days at 300℃ the coleoptile length was measured. From measurement of angles between laminae and sheaths in excised leaves floated on distilled water, it is suggested that level of endogenous auxin was higher in normal than in dwarf rice plants. There were differences among the dwarf types in response to auxin. Namely, Daikoku, Bunketsu-to and Waisei-shirasasa responded more to IAA (Indole acetic acid) than other dWarf types in both treaments described above. Bunketsu-to and Waisei-shirasasa showed especially a great response to NAA (Napthalen acetic acid) in both treatments. Daikoku showed a great response to NAA in length of coleoptile, but did not in lamina joint test. Other dwarf types and normal type are small in response to auxin including both treatments. Bunketsu-to showed a striking elongation of a main culm by the decapitation of tiller and by the treatment with NAA spray. From these results, it is supposed that the action.of dwarf gene in Bunketsu-to is closely connected with development of tiller and with auxin metabolism.イネの鞘葉,ラミナジョイント(葉身基部)によつて矮性稲に対するオーキシンの作用が検討された. 1) 矮性種は正常種に比して体内オーキシンの含量が低く,大黒および矮性白笹ではその傾向が顕著であつた. 2) 大黒,分けつ稲,矮性白笹はIAA(インドール酢酸)およびNAA(ナフタレン酢酸)に対する反応が大きく,小丈玉錦,短稈白笹および正常種の農林18号は小かつた. 3) 分けつ稲はNAA散布処理および分けつ芽の剪除によつて主稈の著しい伸長がみられた.このことは分けつ稲を支配する矮性遺伝子の作用と分けつ芽の発生,さらにオーキシン代謝との間に密接な関係があることを示唆するものであろう