Denial of service attacks and challenges in broadband wireless networks

Broadband wireless networks are providing internet and related services to end users. The three most important broadband wireless technologies are IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, and Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). Security attacks and vulnerabilities vary amongst these broadband wireless networks because of differences in topologies, network operations and physical setups. Amongst the various security risks, Denial of Service (DoS) attack is the most severe security threat, as DoS can compromise the availability and integrity of broadband wireless network. In this paper, we present DoS attack issues in broadband wireless networks, along with possible defenses and future directions

Natural Ecological Remediation and Reuse of Sewage Water in Agriculture and Its Effects on Plant Health

In rural and urban areas of most emergent countries, the application of sewerage and wastewater for irrigation is a regular practice. In these areas, polluted water is often the only supply of water for irrigation. The use of wastewater for crop growth is a centuries old practice that is getting renewed attention due to rising shortage of freshwater resources in many arid and semiarid regions of the globe. Wastewater is extensively used as an inexpensive substitute to conservative irrigation water, supporting livelihoods and generating significant value to the agriculture of urban and periurban areas in spite of the associated health and environmental risks. Water is becoming an increasingly limited resource in many dried and partially dried regions of the world due to which planners are being forced to think about other sources of water that might be used inexpensively and efficiently to encourage additional progress. It is concluded that sewage water is the richest source of micro- and macronutrients and this aims for the better growth of plants. However, sewage should be treated prior to its reuse for agriculture in order to reduce the risks of harmful effects on human and animal health

Performance Evaluation of a Novel Wearable HIS Patch Antenna for Mobile Applications

In this paper an artificial magnetic material known as High Impedance Surface (HIS) is used for the performance evaluation and design of wearable patch antenna. HIS is actually a new type of ground plane that has considerably high surface impedance. Hence surface wave propagation on the ground plane is not supported. The use of HIS is now rapidly increasing due to its improved performance. In this paper, HIS is introduced with a new type of feeding technique known as line feeding technique at an operating frequency of 5.1 GHz and the antenna parameters evaluated here are Gain, Antenna efficiency and radiation efficiency. These parameters are improved to 15.54%, 28.84% and 3.4% respectivel

Fractional calculus of periodic distributions

Two approaches for defining fractional derivatives of periodic distributions are presented. The first is a distributional version of the Weyl fractional derivative in which a derivative of arbitrary order of a periodic distribution is defined via Fourier series. The second is based on the Gr¨unwald-Letnikov formula for defining a fractional derivative as a limit of a fractional difference quotient. The equivalence of the two approaches is established and an application to a fractional diffusion equation, posed in a space of periodic distributions, is also discuss

Fractional transformations of generalised functions

A distributional theory of fractional transformations is developed. A constructive approach, based on the eigenfunction expansion method pioneered by A. H. Zemanian, is used to produce an appropriate space of test functions and corresponding space of generalised functions. The fractional transformations that are defined are shown to form an equicontinuous group of operators on the space of test functions and a weak continuous group on the space of generalised functions. Integral representations for the fractional transformations are also obtained under certain conditions. The fractional Fourier transformation is considered as a particular case of our general theory

EXPLORATION OF IN VIVO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF 50% ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SESAMUM INDICUM L. SEED AGAINST HIGH FAT DIET INDUCED RATS

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo antioxidant potential of 50% ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum against high-fat diet-induced rats. Methods: Animals were treated with plant extract for 30 d, and a high-fat diet was given to all groups except plain control, throughout, out the study. And alpha-tocopherol acetate (Vit, E) was used as standard. Pre-treatment with 16 mg/100 gm of body weight of 50% ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum improved the Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and lipid peroxidation levels significantly as compared to control group. Results: The present studies revealed that Sesamum indicum has significant in vivo antioxidant activity and can be used to protect tissue from oxidative stress. The result showed that the activities of SOD, catalase, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione, in the group treated with high-fat diet declined significantly than that of normal group. Conclusion: 50% ethanolic extract of in the dose of Sesamum indicum 16 mg/100 gm of body weight, has improved the SOD, catalase, glutathione, and lipid peroxidase levels significantly, which were comparable with high-fat-diet-induced rats. Based on this study we conclude that the 50% ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum possesses in vivo antioxidant activity and can be employed in protecting tissue from oxidative stress

The Long Term Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Pakistan

The paper investigates the impacts of different health indicators on economic growth in Pakistan. Cointegration and Error Correction techniques have been applied on the time series data of Pakistan for the period of 1972-2006. We find that per capita GDP is positively influenced by health indicators in the long run and health indicators cause per capita GDP. However, in short run the health indicators fail to put significant impact on per capita GDP. It reveals that health indicators have a long run impact on economic growth. It also suggests that impact of health is only a long run phenomenon and in the short run there is no significant relationship exists between health variables and economic growth. The major policy implication of the study is that if we desire high levels of per capita income, we can achieve it by increasing and improving stock of health human capital, especially when current stocks are at lower end. Moreover, study also points out a rather diminutive role of public health expenditure in determining the per capita GDP.Health Human Capital; Economic Growth; Cointegration, Error Correction

WTO’s Implications on Agriculture Sector in Pakistan: Threats, Opportunities and Possible Strategies

The WTO trading system is a fact of life. This is only organization which can manage the challenges of globalization. There are both opportunities and threats for the member states in relation to different sectors of economy like agriculture.  This paper examines that Pakistan has a great potential to produce and export agricultural commodities in the international markets.  In order to achieve maximum benefits from the WTO, Pakistan has to take strong and immediate steps in the light of SPS and TBT Agreement that are germane with agriculture sector.  In this connection Pakistan has achieved GSP+ status by European Union which gives a great opportunity to Pakistan to improve its agricultural standards and enhance its export in European agricultural markets.  The paper also recommends some possible solutions to improve the agriculture standards in Pakistan. In all countries farming system play a very important role for increasing crop production and strengthen the economy of the country. Government sector should also play a vital role to educate the farmers with new planting techniques and strategic plans for the production of good quality disease free crops. Based on results and conclusion development of extension program, utilization of proper management techniques, utilization of high quality seed, government support, infrastructure and market opportunities are the dire need for farmers and agriculture of Pakistan.