Analysis of leptin, adiponectin and adiponectin gene polymorphism and leptin receptor in obese children and adolescents

Background: The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of leptin and adiponectin of obese children to identify the influence of leptin receptor gene polymorphisms on leptin resistance and leptin levels, as well as the association between the polymorphisms of adiponectin gene and adiponectin levels.Materials and methods: A case-control study comparing a study group of 74 obese children (age 13.34±2.60 years) to a normal weight-age matched (age 13.39±2.64 years) control group of 69 children. In both groups, body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured. Also, the leptin and adiponectin levels, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism parameters, and highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated using fasting insulinemia and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). All subjects were tested for gene-tic polymorphisms in LEPRQ223R (rs1137101), ADIPOQ G276T (rs1501299) and ADIPOT45G (rs2241766).Results: The phenotypes of the obese children study group were significantly higher than in the control group in weight, BMI, waist/hip circumferences and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P<0.001). We confirmed that in obese children the levels of leptin in the blood are increased and levels of adiponectin are decreased (P<0.001). The differences of the genotype distributions of leptin receptor (LEPRQ223R) and adiponectin (ADIPOG276T and ADIPOT45G) gene polymorphisms in the study group of obese chil-dren and a control group was not observed.Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated increased leptin level and significantly decreased level of adiponectin in the obese children group compared with the control group. The results of the analysis of glucose metabolism and lipidogram between the two groups showed that insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides, as well as hsCRP were increased and significantly different in the group of obese children compared to the control group, as expected. However, by including a significantly larger number of tested and control samples of both sexes and age-specific groups, with a larger number of tested SNPs, the genes investigated in this study would probably give better insight into a multicomplex disease such as obesity

INFLAMMATORY MARKER C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) IN OBESE CHILDREN

CILJ: Ispitati uzročno-posljedičnu vezu količine masnog tkiva i koncentracije adipokina u organizmu. Analizirati povezanost antropometrijskih (opseg struka i bokova, tjelesna visina i masa, ITM, sistolički i dijastolički arterijski tlak) i metaboličkih parametara (glukoza, inzulin, kolesterol, trigliceridi, HDL i LDL) te koncentracije upalnog biljega CRP-a u pretile djece u usporedbi s djecom koja su primjereno uhranjena za svoju dob i spol. MATERIJALI I METODE: Studija predstavlja presječno istraživanje slučajeva i kontrola usporedbom ispitivane grupe od 30 pretile djece i adoloscenata (13.04±2.14) s kontrolnom skupinom od 30 djece normalne težine usklađene dobi (13.09±2.21). Odnos muških i ženskih ispitanika i u kontrolnoj i u ispitivanoj skupini je 50:50. U obje skupine izmjeren je indeks tjelesne mase (ITM) i opseg struka i bokova te sistolički i dijastolički krvni tlak. Izmjereni su i standardni metabolički parametri (glukoza natašte, ukupni kolesterol, HDL, LDL i trigliceridi) standardiziranim metodama. Koncentracija inzulina natašte mjerena je elektrokemiluminiscentnim imunoesejeM “ECLIA”, a koncentracija CRP-a imunoturbidimetrijski. REZULTATI: Antropometrijske mjere (ITM u kg/m², percentilima, z-vrijednost, opseg struka i bokova u centimetrima i sistolički arterijski tlak u u mmHg) ispitivane grupe i adoloscenata pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku u usporedbi s djecom i adoloscentima kontrolne grupe (P< 0.001). Koncentracija inzulina natašte u mU/L, HOMA indeka, HDL i triglicerida u mmol/L, pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku među skupinama (P< 0.001), dok glukoza natašte, ukupni kolesterol i LDL u mmol/L, nisu pokazali statistički značajne razlike (P=0.756, P=0.559, P=0.657). Serumska koncentracija CRP-a ispitivane skupine (2.96±2,71 mg/L) i kontrolne skupine (0,69±0.82 mg/L) pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku među skupinama (P<0.001). ZAKLJUČCI: Potvrđena je hipoteza da je kod pretile djece koncentracija CRP-a povećana. Metoda turbidimetrije za analizu uzorka seruma u pretile djece dovoljno je osjetljiva i specifična. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na veću moguću zaštitnu ulogu HDL kolesterola. Iako smo dobili potvrdne rezultate naše hipoteze, znamo da je patogeneza pretilosti kompleksna, te je zbog toga potrebno provoditi dodatne studije s većim brojem ispitanika uključenih u ispitivanu i kontrolnu skupinu.OBJECTIVE: To examine the causal connection between the amount of body fat and the concentration of adipokines in the body. To analyze the relationship between anthropometric (waist and hips circumferences, body height and weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure) and metabolic parameters (glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL) and the concentration of inflammatory marker CRP in obese childern, in comparison with children who are adequately nourished for their age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study represents a cross-sectional investigation of cases and controls by comparing the test group of 30 obese children and adolescents (13.04±2.14) with the control group of 30 children with normal weight, and with matched age (13.09±2.21). The ratio of male and female subjects in both the control and the investigated group was 50:50. Body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in both groups. Standard metabolic parameters (fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) were also measured by standardized methods. Fasting inzulin concentration was measured by the electrochemiluminescent immuno-method „ECLIA“, and the concentration of CRP was measured immunoturbidimetric. RESULTS: Anthropometric measures (BMI in kg / m², percentiles, z- values, waist and hips circumferences in centimetres, and arterial blood pressure in mmHg) of the investigated group and the adolescents, show a statistically significant difference when compared with children and adolescents of the control group (P < 0.001). The concentration of fasting insulin in mU/L, HOMA index, HDL and triglycerides in mmol/L show a statistically significant difference between groups (P < 0.001), while fasting glucose, total cholesterol and LDL in mmol/L did not show statistically significant differences (P=0.756, P=0.559, P=0.657). Serum concentration of CRP of the investigated group (2.96±2,71 mg/L) and the control group (0,69±0.82 mg/L) shows a statistically significant difference between groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis was confirmed that in obese children the concentration of CRP was increased. Turbidimetry method for analysing serum samples of obese children is sufficiently precise and specific. The given results indicate a greater potential protective role of HDL cholesterol. Although the results of the hypothesis were affirming, it is known that pathogenesis of obesity is complex, and therefore it is necessary to conduct further studies that would include larger number of subjects both in the investigated and the control group

INFLAMMATORY MARKER C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) IN OBESE CHILDREN

CILJ: Ispitati uzročno-posljedičnu vezu količine masnog tkiva i koncentracije adipokina u organizmu. Analizirati povezanost antropometrijskih (opseg struka i bokova, tjelesna visina i masa, ITM, sistolički i dijastolički arterijski tlak) i metaboličkih parametara (glukoza, inzulin, kolesterol, trigliceridi, HDL i LDL) te koncentracije upalnog biljega CRP-a u pretile djece u usporedbi s djecom koja su primjereno uhranjena za svoju dob i spol. MATERIJALI I METODE: Studija predstavlja presječno istraživanje slučajeva i kontrola usporedbom ispitivane grupe od 30 pretile djece i adoloscenata (13.04±2.14) s kontrolnom skupinom od 30 djece normalne težine usklađene dobi (13.09±2.21). Odnos muških i ženskih ispitanika i u kontrolnoj i u ispitivanoj skupini je 50:50. U obje skupine izmjeren je indeks tjelesne mase (ITM) i opseg struka i bokova te sistolički i dijastolički krvni tlak. Izmjereni su i standardni metabolički parametri (glukoza natašte, ukupni kolesterol, HDL, LDL i trigliceridi) standardiziranim metodama. Koncentracija inzulina natašte mjerena je elektrokemiluminiscentnim imunoesejeM “ECLIA”, a koncentracija CRP-a imunoturbidimetrijski. REZULTATI: Antropometrijske mjere (ITM u kg/m², percentilima, z-vrijednost, opseg struka i bokova u centimetrima i sistolički arterijski tlak u u mmHg) ispitivane grupe i adoloscenata pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku u usporedbi s djecom i adoloscentima kontrolne grupe (P< 0.001). Koncentracija inzulina natašte u mU/L, HOMA indeka, HDL i triglicerida u mmol/L, pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku među skupinama (P< 0.001), dok glukoza natašte, ukupni kolesterol i LDL u mmol/L, nisu pokazali statistički značajne razlike (P=0.756, P=0.559, P=0.657). Serumska koncentracija CRP-a ispitivane skupine (2.96±2,71 mg/L) i kontrolne skupine (0,69±0.82 mg/L) pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku među skupinama (P<0.001). ZAKLJUČCI: Potvrđena je hipoteza da je kod pretile djece koncentracija CRP-a povećana. Metoda turbidimetrije za analizu uzorka seruma u pretile djece dovoljno je osjetljiva i specifična. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na veću moguću zaštitnu ulogu HDL kolesterola. Iako smo dobili potvrdne rezultate naše hipoteze, znamo da je patogeneza pretilosti kompleksna, te je zbog toga potrebno provoditi dodatne studije s većim brojem ispitanika uključenih u ispitivanu i kontrolnu skupinu.OBJECTIVE: To examine the causal connection between the amount of body fat and the concentration of adipokines in the body. To analyze the relationship between anthropometric (waist and hips circumferences, body height and weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure) and metabolic parameters (glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL) and the concentration of inflammatory marker CRP in obese childern, in comparison with children who are adequately nourished for their age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study represents a cross-sectional investigation of cases and controls by comparing the test group of 30 obese children and adolescents (13.04±2.14) with the control group of 30 children with normal weight, and with matched age (13.09±2.21). The ratio of male and female subjects in both the control and the investigated group was 50:50. Body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in both groups. Standard metabolic parameters (fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) were also measured by standardized methods. Fasting inzulin concentration was measured by the electrochemiluminescent immuno-method „ECLIA“, and the concentration of CRP was measured immunoturbidimetric. RESULTS: Anthropometric measures (BMI in kg / m², percentiles, z- values, waist and hips circumferences in centimetres, and arterial blood pressure in mmHg) of the investigated group and the adolescents, show a statistically significant difference when compared with children and adolescents of the control group (P < 0.001). The concentration of fasting insulin in mU/L, HOMA index, HDL and triglycerides in mmol/L show a statistically significant difference between groups (P < 0.001), while fasting glucose, total cholesterol and LDL in mmol/L did not show statistically significant differences (P=0.756, P=0.559, P=0.657). Serum concentration of CRP of the investigated group (2.96±2,71 mg/L) and the control group (0,69±0.82 mg/L) shows a statistically significant difference between groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis was confirmed that in obese children the concentration of CRP was increased. Turbidimetry method for analysing serum samples of obese children is sufficiently precise and specific. The given results indicate a greater potential protective role of HDL cholesterol. Although the results of the hypothesis were affirming, it is known that pathogenesis of obesity is complex, and therefore it is necessary to conduct further studies that would include larger number of subjects both in the investigated and the control group

INFLAMMATORY MARKER C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) IN OBESE CHILDREN

CILJ: Ispitati uzročno-posljedičnu vezu količine masnog tkiva i koncentracije adipokina u organizmu. Analizirati povezanost antropometrijskih (opseg struka i bokova, tjelesna visina i masa, ITM, sistolički i dijastolički arterijski tlak) i metaboličkih parametara (glukoza, inzulin, kolesterol, trigliceridi, HDL i LDL) te koncentracije upalnog biljega CRP-a u pretile djece u usporedbi s djecom koja su primjereno uhranjena za svoju dob i spol. MATERIJALI I METODE: Studija predstavlja presječno istraživanje slučajeva i kontrola usporedbom ispitivane grupe od 30 pretile djece i adoloscenata (13.04±2.14) s kontrolnom skupinom od 30 djece normalne težine usklađene dobi (13.09±2.21). Odnos muških i ženskih ispitanika i u kontrolnoj i u ispitivanoj skupini je 50:50. U obje skupine izmjeren je indeks tjelesne mase (ITM) i opseg struka i bokova te sistolički i dijastolički krvni tlak. Izmjereni su i standardni metabolički parametri (glukoza natašte, ukupni kolesterol, HDL, LDL i trigliceridi) standardiziranim metodama. Koncentracija inzulina natašte mjerena je elektrokemiluminiscentnim imunoesejeM “ECLIA”, a koncentracija CRP-a imunoturbidimetrijski. REZULTATI: Antropometrijske mjere (ITM u kg/m², percentilima, z-vrijednost, opseg struka i bokova u centimetrima i sistolički arterijski tlak u u mmHg) ispitivane grupe i adoloscenata pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku u usporedbi s djecom i adoloscentima kontrolne grupe (P< 0.001). Koncentracija inzulina natašte u mU/L, HOMA indeka, HDL i triglicerida u mmol/L, pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku među skupinama (P< 0.001), dok glukoza natašte, ukupni kolesterol i LDL u mmol/L, nisu pokazali statistički značajne razlike (P=0.756, P=0.559, P=0.657). Serumska koncentracija CRP-a ispitivane skupine (2.96±2,71 mg/L) i kontrolne skupine (0,69±0.82 mg/L) pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku među skupinama (P<0.001). ZAKLJUČCI: Potvrđena je hipoteza da je kod pretile djece koncentracija CRP-a povećana. Metoda turbidimetrije za analizu uzorka seruma u pretile djece dovoljno je osjetljiva i specifična. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na veću moguću zaštitnu ulogu HDL kolesterola. Iako smo dobili potvrdne rezultate naše hipoteze, znamo da je patogeneza pretilosti kompleksna, te je zbog toga potrebno provoditi dodatne studije s većim brojem ispitanika uključenih u ispitivanu i kontrolnu skupinu.OBJECTIVE: To examine the causal connection between the amount of body fat and the concentration of adipokines in the body. To analyze the relationship between anthropometric (waist and hips circumferences, body height and weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure) and metabolic parameters (glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL) and the concentration of inflammatory marker CRP in obese childern, in comparison with children who are adequately nourished for their age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study represents a cross-sectional investigation of cases and controls by comparing the test group of 30 obese children and adolescents (13.04±2.14) with the control group of 30 children with normal weight, and with matched age (13.09±2.21). The ratio of male and female subjects in both the control and the investigated group was 50:50. Body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in both groups. Standard metabolic parameters (fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) were also measured by standardized methods. Fasting inzulin concentration was measured by the electrochemiluminescent immuno-method „ECLIA“, and the concentration of CRP was measured immunoturbidimetric. RESULTS: Anthropometric measures (BMI in kg / m², percentiles, z- values, waist and hips circumferences in centimetres, and arterial blood pressure in mmHg) of the investigated group and the adolescents, show a statistically significant difference when compared with children and adolescents of the control group (P < 0.001). The concentration of fasting insulin in mU/L, HOMA index, HDL and triglycerides in mmol/L show a statistically significant difference between groups (P < 0.001), while fasting glucose, total cholesterol and LDL in mmol/L did not show statistically significant differences (P=0.756, P=0.559, P=0.657). Serum concentration of CRP of the investigated group (2.96±2,71 mg/L) and the control group (0,69±0.82 mg/L) shows a statistically significant difference between groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis was confirmed that in obese children the concentration of CRP was increased. Turbidimetry method for analysing serum samples of obese children is sufficiently precise and specific. The given results indicate a greater potential protective role of HDL cholesterol. Although the results of the hypothesis were affirming, it is known that pathogenesis of obesity is complex, and therefore it is necessary to conduct further studies that would include larger number of subjects both in the investigated and the control group