Morphological data

Morphological dat

Final DNA sequence assembled

Final DNA sequence assemble

AFLP matrix

AFLP matri

A. Combined Bayesian half-compatible consensus tree of <i>Horismenus</i> based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA regions.

<p>The species of parasitoid wasps defined by the Bayesian Poisson tree process coupled with the evolutionary placement algorithm and node supports are represented. Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap support values are displayed below branches. Please see text and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136063#pone.0136063.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for abbreviations. <b>B</b>. Barplot of the nucleotide diversities of each species. This analysis does not include information provided by the gaps and species that are not represented have a nucleotide diversity of zero.</p

Phylogenetic markers and models of evolution.

<p>* one individual of <i>H</i>. <i>cyaenoviridis</i> has one long indel</p><p>Phylogenetic markers used in the current study and models of evolution applied in Bayesian analyses of the full (128 specimens) and reduced dataset (38 specimens).</p

Tritrophic relationships.

<p><i>Phaseolus species</i>: Depicted at the top of the figure are three wild bean species sorted into categories based on the other beans found in their immediate environment. <i>Phaseolus lunatus</i> with a red background is found on the far left with its sympatric partner, <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> in green. To their right, <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> (again in green) is depicted alone as it is found at median altitudes to be in allopatry. This is followed by <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> (in green) and <i>P</i>. <i>coccineus</i> (in blue) found in sympatry and finally <i>P</i>. <i>coccineus</i> (in blue) alone to represent where it is found in allopatry. <i>Altitude range</i>: Directly beneath these is an altitude measure on the y-axis. The bars indicate the range of altitudes within which each of the above categories was collected. <i>Bruchine species</i>: Beneath this are the most common bruchine beetle speces that attack each one of the <i>Phaseolus</i> categories. <i>Horismenus profile</i>: Photos on the left identify the three species of described <i>Horismenus</i> wasp found emerging from bean seeds. Blue bars indicate emergence from the first field season (2006–7) and pink bars indicate emergence from the second field season (2007–8). Numbers below in gray are the number of emerging wasps from that category for that season. The pink and blue bars are the proportions of each wasp species to emerge from that category in each season and will all add to 1.</p

Rel_flo_GBIF

Floristic table (occurrence points) for all species in the Androsace (s.l.) with coordinates provided by GBIF.or

Supplementary information of: Dynamic Evolution of Size and Color in the Highly Specialized Zodarion Ant-Eating Spiders

   Ecological specialists constitute relevant case studies for understanding the mechanisms, potential and limitations of evolution. The species-rich and strictly myrmecophagous spiders of the genus Zodarion show diversified defense mechanisms, including myrmecomorphy of different ant species and nocturnality. Using hyRAD, a phylogenomic technique designed for sequencing poorly preserved specimens, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Zodarion using 52 (~ a third of the nominal) species that cover its phylogenetic and distributional diversity. We then estimated the evolution of body size and color, traits that have diversified noticeably and are linked to defense mechanisms, across the group. Our genomic matrix of 300 loci led to a well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis that uncovered two main clades inside Zodarion. Ancestral state estimation revealed the highly dynamic evolution of body size and color across the group, with multiple transitions and convergences in both traits, which we propose is likely indicative of multiple transitions in ant specialization across the genus. Our study will allow the informed targeted selection of Zodarion taxa of special interest for research into the group’s remarkable adaptations to ant specialization. It also exemplifies the utility of hyRAD for phylogenetic studies using museum material.</p

Locations sampled in Central Mexico.

<p>Locations sampled in Central Mexico with their geographical coordinates. Locations where sampled for bean species (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, <i>P</i>.<i>coccineus</i> and P. <i>lunatus</i>) and <i>Horismenus</i> parasitoid emergence. Table shows site code for each location, state, bean species present at each location (symp(vc) = sympatric populations of <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>coccineus</i>; symp(vl) = sympatric populations of <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>lunatus</i>; allop(c) = allopatric populations of <i>P</i>. <i>coccineus</i>; allop(v) = allopatric populations of <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> and allop (cult,v) = allopatric population of cultivated <i>P</i>. <i>vulgaris</i>), bean species from which parasitoids emerged, geographical coordinates (altitude, latitude and longitude) and parasitoid species emerging from the beans (B = <i>Horismenus butcheri</i> 1, 2 or 3; D = <i>H</i>. <i>depressus</i>2 and M = <i>H</i>. <i>missourensis</i> 2, or 3.</p

1124_data

individual genotyping data (1124 specimen) for twelve nuclear microsatellite