L’efficacité du pancréas artificiel externe durant l’exercice chez les adultes atteints de diabète de type 1

Problématique : l’activité physique est évitée par les patients atteints de diabète de type 1 (DbT1) malgré ses bénéfices et ce par crainte du risque d’hypoglycémie majoré par l’exercice. Le pancréas artificiel externe est une nouvelle technologie de trois composantes qui fonctionnent en boucle fermée, un système de surveillance continue du glucose (SSCG), un algorithme et une pompe à insuline. Peu d’études ont été conçues spécifiquement pour tester le pancréas artificiel pendant l’exercice. De plus, la précision des SSCG pourrait être compromise par les changements rapides du glucose au cours de l’exercice. Objectifs : 1) Tester et comparer l’efficacité des deux versions du pancréas artificiel, simple-hormone (insuline seule) et double-hormone (insuline et glucagon), pour prévenir l’hypoglycémie durant deux types d’exercice, en continu et par intervalles, chez les patients DbT1. 2) Comparer la performance de deux SSCG, Dexcom et Enlite, au repos et pendant l’exercice. Résultats : 1) Avec le système à simple-hormone comparé au double-hormone, 31,2% des participants ont eu au moins un épisode d’hypoglycémie nécessitant un traitement par glucides vs. 9% (p=0,02) et 24,4 ± 27,6 % de temps était passé en hypoglycémie (glucose plasmatique < 4 mmol/l) vs. 4,4 ± 14,3% (p=0,0001), respectivement. 2) Les moyennes de différence relative absolue par rapport au glucose plasmatique pour Dexcom vs. Enlite étaient comparables au repos 13,8 vs. 12,4% (p=0,53) et pendant l’exercice 22,5% vs. 20,4% (p=0,58). La comparaison repos vs exercice était significatif pour Dexcom (p=0,005) et Enlite (p=0,007). Conclusions : le pancréas artificiel à double-hormone engendre un moindre risque d’hypoglycémie et permet un meilleur contrôle de la glycémie que le système à simple-hormone. Les deux SSCG, Dexcom et Enlite ont une bonne performance, sont comparables, mais sont tous les deux moins précis durant l’exercice qu’au repos.Background: Physical activity is often avoided by patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) despite its health benefits due to fear of its elevated hypoglycemic risk. The external artificial pancreas is a new technology that controls glucose via a closed-loop strategy of three components; a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), an algorithm and an insulin pump. Studies of the artificial pancreas included physical activity sessions but were rarely designed to specifically assess its efficacy during exercise. Moreover, the precision of the CGMS can be affected by the rapidly changing blood glucose levels during exercise. Objectives: 1) To test and compare the efficacy of the two versions of the artificial pancreas, single-hormone (insulin only) and dual-hormone (insulin plus glucagon) during two types of exercise, continuous and interval, in patients with T1D. 2) To compare the performance of two CGMS, Dexcom and Enlite, at rest and during exercise. Results: 1) During single-hormone artificial pancreas in comparison to dual-hormone, 31.2% of the participants had at least one hypoglycemic episode necessitating treatment vs. 9% (p=0,02) and 24.4 ± 27.6 % of the time spent in hypoglycemia (plasma glucose < 4 mmol/l) vs. 4.4 ± 14.3% (p=0.0001), respectively. 2) The mean relative absolute differences (MARD) in reference to plasma glucose for Dexcom vs. Enlite were at rest 13.8 vs. 12.4% (p=0.53) and during exercise 22.5% vs. 20.4% (p=0.58). The comparison of mean ARD`s at rest vs. exercise were significant for Dexcom (p=0.005) and Enlite (p=0.007). Conclusions: The dual-hormone artificial pancreas was shown to be better than single-hormone at achieving hypoglycaemia-free control during exercise in adults with T1D. Dexcom and Enlite demonstrated comparable overall performances during rest and physical activity with a lower accuracy for both sensors during exercise

The Benefits and Limits of Technological Advances in Glucose Management Around Physical Activity in Patients Type 1 Diabetes

Physical activity is highly recommended for patients living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) due to its varied health benefits. Nevertheless, glucose management, during and in the hours following exercise, represents a great challenge for these patients who most often end up leading a sedentary life style. Important technological advances in insulin delivery devices and glucose monitoring are now available and continue to progress. These technologies could be used to alleviate glucose management related to physical activity in T1D. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) helps patients observe the trends of glycemic fluctuations when exercising and in the following night to deal pre-emptively with hypoglycemic risks and treat hypoglycemic episodes in a timely manner. Insulin pumps offer the flexibility of adjusting insulin basal rates and boluses according to patient's specific needs around exercise. The artificial pancreas links CGM to pump through an intelligent hormone dosing algorithm to close the loop of glucose control and has thus the potential to ease the burden of exercise in T1D. This review will examine and discuss the literature related to physical activity practice using each of these technologies. The aim is to discuss their benefits as well as their limitations and finally the additional research needed in the future to optimize their use in T1D

Non-severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial comparing two quantities of oral carbohydrates at different insulin-induced hypoglycemia ranges

AimsNon-severe hypoglycemia (NS-H) is challenging for people living with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) and often results from relative iatrogenic hyper-insulinemia. Current guidelines recommend a one-size-fits-all approach of 15–20 g of simple carbohydrates (CHO) every 15 min regardless of the triggering conditions of the NS-H event. We aimed to test different amounts of CHO to treat insulin-induced NS-H at various glucose ranges.MethodsThis is a randomized, four-way, crossover study involving PWT1D, testing NS-H treatment outcomes with 16 g vs. 32 g CHO at two plasma glucose (PG) ranges: A: 3.0–3.5 mmol/L and B: &lt;3.0 mmol/L. Across all study arms, participants consumed an additional 16 g of CHO if PG was still &lt;3.0 mmol/L at 15 min and &lt;4.0 mmol/L at 45 min post-initial treatment. Subcutaneous insulin was used in a fasting state to induce NS-H. Participants had frequent venous sampling of PG, insulin, and glucagon levels.ResultsParticipants (n = 32; 56% female participants) had a mean (SD) age of 46.1 (17.1) years, had HbA1c at 54.0 (6.8 mmol/mol) [7.1% (0.9%)], and had a diabetes duration of 27.5 (17.0) years; 56% were insulin pump users. We compared NS-H correction parameters between 16 g and 32 g of CHO for range A, 3.0–3.5 mmol/L (n = 32), and range B, &lt;3.0 mmol/L (n = 29). Change in PG at 15 min for A: 0.1 (0.8) mmol/L vs. 0.6 (0.9) mmol/L, p = 0.02; and for B: 0.8 (0.9) mmol/L vs. 0.8 (1.0) mmol/L, p = 1.0. Percentage of participants with corrected episodes at 15 min: (A) 19% vs. 47%, p = 0.09; (B) 21% vs. 24%, p = 1.0. A second treatment was necessary in (A) 50% vs. 15% of participants, p = 0.001; (B) 45% vs. 34% of participants, p = 0.37. No statistically significant differences in insulin and glucagon parameters were observed.ConclusionsNS-H, in the context of hyper-insulinemia, is difficult to treat in PWT1D. Initial consumption of 32 g of CHO revealed some advantages at the 3.0–3.5 mmol/L range. This was not reproduced at lower PG ranges since participants needed additional CHO regardless of the amount of initial consumption.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03489967

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Prevalence and determinants of albuminuria in a cohort of diabetic patients in Lebanon

<b>Background and Objectives: </b> Few data are available on the extent of albuminuria in diabetic populations in the Middle East generally and in Lebanon specifically. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of albuminuria and its major risk factors in a cohort of diabetic patients in Lebanon. <b> Patients and Methods: </b> Diabetic patients followed in the outpatient department at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) were included in a prospective observational study. AUBMC is a tertiary referral center and the outpatient department typically handles patients of low socioeconomic status with ad-vanced disease. Patients were classified according to their urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) as having normoalbuminuria (ACR&#60; 30 mg/g creatinine), microalbuminuria (ACR=30 to &#60; 300 mg/g creatinine), or macro--albuminuria (ACR 2300 mg/g creatinine). The three groups were compared to analyze the association between albuminuria and its risk factors. In addition, independent predictors of albuminuria were determined using multivariate logistic regression and presented as an odds ratio.<b> Results: </b> Microalbuminuria<b> </b> and macroalbuminuria were present in 33.3&#x0025; and 12.7&#x0025; of 222 patients (mean age 56.4 years, mean deviation of diabetes 8.6 years, 58.7&#x0025; women, 43.8&#x0025; obese), respectively. Factors significantly associated with microalbuminuria included glycemic control, insulin use, and total and LDL cholesterol.Those associated with macroalbuminuria included in addition to glycemic control and insulin use, duration of diabetes, hypertension, elevated mean arterial pressure (MAP), and presence of neuropathy, retinopathy and peripheral vascular disease by bivariate analysis. Only glycemic control was an independent risk factor for both in addition to MAP and retinopathy for macroalbuminuria by multivariate analysis. <b> Conclusion:</b> Albuminuria is highly prevalent<b> </b> among this cohort of diabetic patients in Lebanon. Both glyce--mic control and blood pressure need to be better targeted in its management