ДИНАМИКА ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНОГО ПРОЦЕССА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С РАЗЛИЧНЫМ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИМ СТАТУСОМ

The objective of the study: to investigate the changes in the course of tuberculosis in the patients with different psychological status.Subjects and methods. The changes in the course of tuberculosis were studied in 249 new pulmonary tuberculosis patients who had in-patient treatment in CTRI. The groups within the study were formed basing on the results of psychological status assessment: Group 1 included patients with favorable psychological status (171; 68.7% of patients) and Group 2 included patients with different psychological disorders (78; 31.3% of patients) (p < 0.001). Among patients from Group 2 women (66; 84.6%) significantly prevailed over men (12; 15.4%) (< 0.001).Results. It has been found out that groups with different psychological status did not confidently differ in their clinical and X-ray signs before the treatment start. Whereby, in patients from Group 2 versus patients from Group 1, the abnormalities in the results of laboratory tests were registered confidently more often (87.2 versus 75.4% cases) (p < 0.05), as well as multiple drug resistance (58 versus 41.4% of cases) (p < 0.05). The frequency of adverse events caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs was higher in Group 2 versus Group 1 (25; 32.1% and 28; 16.4% of cases) (p < 0.05). After management of adverse events, the number of patients with poor tolerance was still confidently higher in Group 2 (14; 17.9% of cases), compared to Group 1 (11; 6.4%) (p < 0.05). It was found out that the efficiency of in-patient treatment did not confidently differ in the patients with different psychological status.Цель исследования: изучение динамики туберкулезного процесса у пациентов с различным психологическим статусом.Материалы и методы. Изучена динамика туберкулезного процесса у 249 впервые выявленных пациентов, находившихся на стационарном лечении в ФГБНУ «ЦНИИТ». Группы исследования сформированы по результатам диагностики психологического статуса: 1-я группа с благоприятным психологическим статусом (171; 68,7% пациентов) и 2-я группа с различными нарушениями психологического статуса (78; 31,3% пациентов) (p < 0,001). Среди пациентов 2-й группы доля женщин (66; 84,6%) значительно преобладала по сравнению с мужчинами (12; 15,4%) (p < 0,001).Результаты. Установлено, что группы с различным психологическим статусом до начала терапии достоверно не различались по клинико-рентгенологическим проявлениям заболевания. При этом у пациентов 2-й группы по сравнению с пациентами 1-й группы достоверно чаще регистрировались отклонения лабораторных показателей от нормы (87,2 и 75,4% случаев) (p < 0,05), а также выявлялась множественная лекарственная устойчивость МБТ (58 и 41,4% случаев) (p < 0,05). Частота выявления нежелательных реакций на прием противотуберкулезных препаратов оказалась более высокой во 2-й группе по сравнению с 1-й группой (25; 32,1% и 28; 16,4% случаев) (p < 0,05). После терапевтической коррекции нежелательных реакций доля пациентов с неудовлетворительной переносимостью оставалась во 2-й группе достоверно более высокой (14; 17,9% случаев), чем в 1-й группе (11; 6,4%) (p < 0,05). Установлено, что результативность стационарного лечения достоверно не различалась среди пациентов с различным психологическим статусом

Long-term north–south asymmetry of the heliospheric current sheet

Abstract In this paper, we evaluate the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) north–south asymmetry using the ecliptical sector structure of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) reconstructed since the second half of the 19th century. During the last five solar cycles, the inferred IMF polarities fairly reproduce the observed dominance of the sectors with the polarity of the northern solar hemisphere, i.e., the prolonged southward shift of the HCS. For the presatellite era, we found that the northward shift of the HCS was more common in cycles 10, 15, and 17–19, and the southward HCS shift was more common in cycles 9, 11–14, and 16. We also analyzed the north–south asymmetry in sunspot group numbers since 1749 and found that the northern hemisphere dominated in cycles 2–3, 7–9, and 15–20, and the southern hemisphere activity was stronger in cycles 4, 9–14, and 21–24. Moreover, other solar phenomena bear similar long-term asymmetry variations. The regularity of these variations is not clear. According to the available proxies of the solar data, the dominance of the northern hemisphere is found in the ascending phase of the secular solar cycle, and the dominance of the southern hemisphere coincides with the descending phase

Sunspot observations at the Eimmart observatory:revision and supplement

Abstract Digital images of sunspot drawings of the archives of Georg Christoph Eimmart stored at the National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg, are analyzed to obtain sunspot-group numbers and sunspot areas as well as heliographic positions. Overall, more than a hundred drawings were processed. The impact of drawing and reproduction uncertainties and the aims of historical observations are considered. The sunspot positions are compared to those reported by contemporary observers of the Maunder minimum. The restored sunspot-group numbers and latitudes are compared to those extracted by Hoyt and Schatten (Solar Phys. 179, 189, 1998) as well as Hayakawa et al. (Solar Phys. 296, 154, 2021b) and Hayakawa et al. (Astrophys. J. 909, 166, 2021d). The persistence of long-lived sunspots over several solar rotations is discussed

Neurons Forming Optic Glomeruli Compute Figure-Ground Discriminations in Drosophila

Many animals rely on visual figure–ground discrimination to aid in navigation, and to draw attention to salient features like conspecifics or predators. Even figures that are similar in pattern and luminance to the visual surroundings can be distinguished by the optical disparity generated by their relative motion against the ground, and yet the neural mechanisms underlying these visual discriminations are not well understood. We show in flies that a diverse array of figure–ground stimuli containing a motion-defined edge elicit statistically similar behavioral responses to one another, and statistically distinct behavioral responses from ground motion alone. From studies in larger flies and other insect species, we hypothesized that the circuitry of the lobula—one of the four, primary neuropiles of the fly optic lobe—performs this visual discrimination. Using calcium imaging of input dendrites, we then show that information encoded in cells projecting from the lobula to discrete optic glomeruli in the central brain group these sets of figure–ground stimuli in a homologous manner to the behavior; “figure-like” stimuli are coded similar to one another and “ground-like” stimuli are encoded differently. One cell class responds to the leading edge of a figure and is suppressed by ground motion. Two other classes cluster any figure-like stimuli, including a figure moving opposite the ground, distinctly from ground alone. This evidence demonstrates that lobula outputs provide a diverse basis set encoding visual features necessary for figure detection

Figure-ground discrimination behavior in Drosophila. I. Spatial organization of wing-steering responses.

The behavioral algorithms and neural subsystems for visual figure-ground discrimination are not sufficiently described in any model system. The fly visual system shares structural and functional similarity with that of vertebrates and, like vertebrates, flies robustly track visual figures in the face of ground motion. This computation is crucial for animals that pursue salient objects under the high performance requirements imposed by flight behavior. Flies smoothly track small objects and use wide-field optic flow to maintain flight-stabilizing optomotor reflexes. The spatial and temporal properties of visual figure tracking and wide-field stabilization have been characterized in flies, but how the two systems interact spatially to allow flies to actively track figures against a moving ground has not. We took a systems identification approach in flying Drosophila and measured wing-steering responses to velocity impulses of figure and ground motion independently. We constructed a spatiotemporal action field (STAF) - the behavioral analog of a spatiotemporal receptive field - revealing how the behavioral impulse responses to figure tracking and concurrent ground stabilization vary for figure motion centered at each location across the visual azimuth. The figure tracking and ground stabilization STAFs show distinct spatial tuning and temporal dynamics, confirming the independence of the two systems. When the figure tracking system is activated by a narrow vertical bar moving within the frontal field of view, ground motion is essentially ignored despite comprising over 90% of the total visual input