Kesan Pencapaian Dan Sikap Pelajar Tingkatan Dua Di Kulim Terhadap Penggunaan Alat Bantu Mengajar Dalam Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Geografi

Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kesan Pendekatan Alat Bantu Mengajar berbanding dengan Pendekatan Eklektik dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran mata pelajaran Geografi di kalangan pelajar Tingkatan Dua. Kesan pembelajaran dilihat dari segi markah pencapaian pelajar kumpulan eksperimen berbanding dengan markah pencapaian pelajar kumpulan kawalan dalam ujian pra dan ujian pasca. Kajian ini juga bertujuan membandingkan pencapaian pelajar lelaki dan pelajar perempuan dalam kumpulan eksperimen. The purpose of this research is to study the effects of teaching using Teaching Aids Approaches compared to the Eclectic Approaches in the teaching of geography among Form Two students. The effect of learning is seen by comparing the achievement of the experimental and control group, which is determined by pre and post tests given to them. This research is also aimed at comparing the achievement of the respective male and female students in the experimental group

The spinal antinociceptive effects of cholinergic drugs in rats: receptor subtype specificity in different nociceptive tests

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that muscarinic cholinergic agonists cause antinociception in humans and animals when given by both spinal and non-spinal parenteral routes. It is uncertain which subtype of muscarinic receptor is involved in spinally mediated antinociceptive effects caused by these drugs. The cholinergic receptor agonists McN-A-343 (M(1 )selective; 3.89 to 389 nmol) and carbachol (non-selective; 0.029 to 29 nmol) were used in a rat acute pain model to investigate the involvement of M(1 )and non-M(1 )subtypes in spinally mediated antinociception. The drugs were injected intrathecally and results from experiments in which drug actions were carefully confined to the spinal cord were used to construct agonist dose response curves. RESULTS: McN-A-343 frequently diffused rostrally to the brain, away from the lumbosacral site of injection. Thus, in spite of its receptor subtype selectivity, McN-A-343 is a poor probe to use in attempting to identify receptor subtypes involved in spinal cord antinociceptive systems. However, in some experiments McN-A-343 caused spinally mediated antinociception assessed by the electrical current threshold test. Antinociception assessed by the tail flick latency test with intrathecal McN-A-343 was observed and found to involve supraspinal mechanisms. Carbachol caused spinally mediated antinociception assessed by both electrical current threshold and tail flick latency. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that M(1 )receptors are involved in spinally mediated antinociception revealed by electrical current threshold; other cholinergic receptors (non-M(1)) are involved in thermal antinociception at the spinal cord. This contrasts with previous work on spinally mediated cholinergic antinociception. These differences are believed to be due to difficulties in restricting the action of these drugs to the spinal cord

Environmental citizenship: What level of knowledge, attitude, skill and participation the students own?

AbstractNow-a-days people think of their responsibility to maintain and protect the environment and this is the responsibility of all including the government, private sectors and individuals. The concept of Environmental Citizenship (EC) redefines the relationship of people and nature and reiterates that environmental conservation is everybody's sole responsibility at all time, based on one's life choices in minimizing ecological impact on earth. In light of this, this study is designed around the concept of EC that gravitates around the Malaysian primary and secondary school student's knowledge, attitude, skills and participation in their daily activities and lifestyles that may bring a positive or negative impact on the environment. Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used in this study. The quantitative technique took on the form of a survey administration where 2853 Year-5 primary and secondary school students participated. Qualitative data was collected by open-ended response of the students. The findings determine that the current environmental citizenship level of students is low to moderate. There are many areas within EC domain where students’ level of Knowledge, attitude, skills and participation must be increased to reach expected EC level. In a wider perspective, this study hopes to act as leverage towards more emphasis of EE by Ministry of Education (MOE) in the science curriculum. Most importantly, the findings will also enable the stakeholders to make evidence-based decisions on the contributory factors that can improve the current EC among students, be it budget, Environmental Education (EE) materials or even an EE policy statement in the National Education Policy (NEP)

Helicobacter pylori related dyspepsia: prevalence and treatment outcomes at University Kebangsaan Malaysia-Primary Care Centre

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Optimum management of dyspepsia in primary care is a debatable subject. Testing for Helicobacter pylori (HP) has been recommended in primary care as this strategy will cure most underlying peptic ulcer disease and prevent future gastro duodenal disease.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 98 patients completed Modified Glasgow Dyspepsia Severity Score Questionnaire (MGDSSQ) at initial presentation before undergoing the ¹³Carbon Urea Breath Test (UBT) for HP. Those with positive UBT received Eradication Therapy with oral Omeprazole 20 mg twice daily, Clarithromycin 500 mg daily and Amoxycillin 500 mg twice daily for one week followed by Omeprazole to be completed for another 4 to 6 weeks. Those with negative UBT received empirical treatment with oral Omeprazole 20 mg twice daily for 4 to 6 weeks. Patients were assessed again using the MGDSSQ at the completion of treatment and one month after stopping treatment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The prevalence of dyspepsia at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia-Primary Care Centre was 1.12% (124/11037), out of which 23.5% (23/98) was due to HP. Post treatment assessment in both HP (95.7%, 22/23) and non HP-related dyspepsia (86.7%, 65/75) groups showed complete or almost complete resolution of dyspepsia. Only about 4.3% (1/23) in the HP related dyspepsia and 13.3% (10/75) in the non HP group required endoscopy.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The prevalence of dyspepsia due to HP in this primary care centre was 23.5%. Detection of HP related dyspepsia yielded good treatment outcomes (95.7%).</p

Effects of general anesthetics on visceral pain transmission in the spinal cord

Current evidence suggests an analgesic role for the spinal cord action of general anesthetics; however, the cellular population and intracellular mechanisms underlying anti-visceral pain by general anesthetics still remain unclear. It is known that visceral nociceptive signals are transmited via post-synaptic dorsal column (PSDC) and spinothalamic tract (STT) neuronal pathways and that the PSDC pathway plays a major role in visceral nociception. Animal studies report that persistent changes including nociception-associated molecular expression (e.g. neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors) and activation of signal transduction cascades (such as the protein kinase A [PKA]-c-AMP-responsive element binding [CREB] cascade)-in spinal PSDC neurons are observed following visceral pain stimulation. The clinical practice of interruption of the spinal PSDC pathway in patients with cancer pain further supports a role of this group of neurons in the development and maintenance of visceral pain. We propose the hypothesis that general anesthetics might affect critical molecular targets such as NK-1 and glutamate receptors, as well as intracellular signaling by CaM kinase II, protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, and MAP kinase cascades in PSDC neurons, which contribute to the neurotransmission of visceral pain signaling. This would help elucidate the mechanism of antivisceral nociception by general anesthetics at the cellular and molecular levels and aid in development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical management of visceral pain

A Preliminary Study Of Differentially Expressed Genes In Malaysian Colorectal Carcinoma Cases

Presently, the complete genetic mechanisms for the progression of adenoma to carcinoma for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remain largely unclear. In order to obtain genetic information of this cancer pathway, we searched for differentially expressed genes in tumours of CRC. Gene expression profiles from CRC cases were assessed via the DNA microarray system. We report up-regulation and down-regulation of 819 and 98 genes respectively, in the tumours relative to their normal controls. The differential expression patterns of 121 genes were persistent in all tumours. Thirty three of these are ribosomal proteins (RPs) genes. Comparison of the 121 genes with a public domain gene expression database, the Cancer Gene Expression Database (CGEP), revealed 47 genes to be consistently differentially expressed in colorectal tumours. Among these, 22 are RP genes. Among all RP genes identified in this study the over-expression pattern for six of them is consistent with literature. The up-regulation of RP L32 in CRC tumours was demonstrated for the first time in this study and it was also verified via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Non-RP genes worth noting are the tumour susceptibility gene (TSG101) and the 20-kDa myosin light chain (MLC-2). Albeit small sample size (n = 2 for microarray analysis), our preliminary studies revealed many genes that are brought into the context of CRC tumourigenesis for the first time, thus providing new clues to the genetic events during colorectal carcinogenesis

An ultra wideband (UWB) microstrip patch antenna

Rapid changes in the field of wireless communications has to an increasing demand of higher data transfer rate and even higher bandwidths to supplement existing operating frequencies. The UWB band is an area of interest due to the fact that it can accommodate higher data transfer rate on a large bandwidth. One of the issues faced in the use of this band is the antenna design issue. A cost effective hexagonal microstrip design with a partial ground plane is presented here. This design was able to achieve a return loss of < - 8 dB in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band and exhibited an uniform radiation profile at frequencies of 3, 5, 7, and 9 GH

Ekonomi pesisiran pantai dan masyarakat setempat di kawasan Paka-Kertih - Impak ke atas ekosistem marin

Kawasan persisiran pantai Paka-Kertih, Terengganu sepanjang 16 kilometer ialah salah satu kawasan tumpuan utama pendaratan penyu dan pada suatu ketika dahulu pernah menampung pendaratan 50% Penyu Belimbing, 45% Penyu Agar dan 15% Penyu Lipas daripada keseluruhan pendaratan penyu di Terengganu. Namun, berikutan penemuan dan penerokaan gas dan petroleum di kawasan luar pesisir pantai Terengganu pada akhir tahun 1970'an, Kerteh telah berkembang pesat sebagai sebuah kawasan pemprosesan hasil gas dan petroleum negara yang terbesar. Infrastruktur untuk menampung pelbagai keperluan industri petroleum dan gas seperti jalan-jalan raya, pelabuhan, stesen janakuasa elektrik, kilang petrokimia, terminal pemprosesan minyak mentah, dan sebagainya telah didirikan. Penghijrahan pekerja dari luar untuk mengisi permintaan industri petroleum ini turut meningkat dengan pesatnya. Walaupun perkembangan ekonomi dijangka akan menaikkan taraf dan kualiti hidup masyarakat tempatan namun perkembangan aktiviti di persisiran pantai ini telah banyak menghasilkan impak negatif ke atas aktiviti penangkapan ikan dan pendaratan serta populasi penyu. Di samping itu, populasi penyu turut menurun akibat daripada ancaman penggunaan pukat yang membahayakan penyu, pemakanan telur penyu, pencemaran, kemusnahan habitat dan lain-lain lagi. Untuk menangani kemorosotan ini, WWF Malaysia, bersama agensi kerajaan dan badan korporat telah memulakan program pendidikan dan peningkatan kesedaran di kalangan masyarakat tempatan supaya masyarakat boleh meningkatkan manfaat dan taraf ekonomi mereka melalui peluang pekerjaan dalam bidang eko-pelancongan seperti pemandu pelancong, pengusaha chalets atau homestays dan sebagainya di samping peningkatan populasi penyu dapat dipelihara