Which outcomes are most important to measure in patients with COVID-19 and how and when should these be measured? Development of an international standard set of outcomes measures for clinical use in patients with COVID-19: a report of the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) COVID-19 Working Group.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in widespread morbidity and mortality with the consequences expected to be felt for many years. Significant variation exists in the care even of similar patients with COVID-19, including treatment practices within and between institutions. Outcome measures vary among clinical trials on the same therapies. Understanding which therapies are of most value is not possible unless consensus can be reached on which outcomes are most important to measure. Furthermore, consensus on the most important outcomes may enable patients to monitor and track their care, and may help providers to improve the care they offer through quality improvement. To develop a standardised minimum set of outcomes for clinical care, the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) assembled a working group (WG) of 28 volunteers, including health professionals, patients and patient representatives. Design: A list of outcomes important to patients and professionals was generated from a systematic review of the published literature using the MEDLINE database, from review of outcomes being measured in ongoing clinical trials, from a survey distributed to patients and patient networks, and from previously published ICHOM standard sets in other disease areas. Using an online-modified Delphi process, the WG selected outcomes of greatest importance. Results: The outcomes considered by the WG to be most important were selected and categorised into five domains: (1) functional status and quality of life, (2) mental functioning, (3) social functioning, (4) clinical outcomes and (5) symptoms. The WG identified demographic and clinical variables for use as case-mix risk adjusters. These included baseline demographics, clinical factors and treatment-related factors. Conclusion: Implementation of these consensus recommendations could help institutions to monitor, compare and improve the quality and delivery of care to patients with COVID-19. Their consistent definition and collection could also broaden the implementation of more patient-centric clinical outcomes research.</p

Qualidade do processo da assistência pré-natal: unidades básicas de saúde e unidades de Estratégia Saúde da Família em município no Sul do Brasil Quality of prenatal care: traditional primary care and Family Health Strategy units in a city in southern Brazil

O processo da atenção pré-natal em unidades básicas de saúde tradicionais (UBS) e unidades de Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) foi avaliado em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram entrevistadas 795 puérperas que realizaram pré-natal nas UBS ou ESF. Utilizou-se quatro níveis de qualidade: nível 1 (índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda); nível 2, que adiciona ao nível 1 procedimentos clinico-obstétricos; nível 3, que acrescenta ao nível 1 exames laboratoriais; e nível 4, que considera todos os parâmetros anteriores. A atenção pré-natal realizada na ESF foi superior a das UBS em todos os níveis, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos níveis 1 e 2. As gestantes da ESF receberam mais orientações. A atenção pré-natal foi favorável à ESF, devendo ser melhorada em relação aos procedimentos e exames, a fim de aprimorar a assistência pré-natal e fortalecer a atenção primária à saúde.<br>Prenatal care in traditional primary care units (UBS) and Family Health Strategy units (ESF) was evaluated by a cross-sectional study from July 2009 to February 2010 in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Seven hundred and ninety-five postpartum women who had received prenatal care in either of the two types of units were interviewed. Four quality levels were used: level 1 (Kessner index modified by Takeda); level 2, which adds clinical obstetric procedures to level 1; level 3, which adds laboratory tests to level 1; and level 4, which includes all the above parameters. Prenatal care in the Family Health Strategy was superior to that of traditional primary care at all levels, with statistically significant differences in levels 1 and 2. Pregnant women received more guidance and prenatal care was superior in the Family Health Strategy. The study favored the Family Health Strategy, but improvement is still needed in the performance of procedures and laboratory tests in order to enhance prenatal care and strengthen primary care

Uso de serviços ambulatoriais nos últimos 15 anos: comparação de dois estudos de base populacional Ambulatory care utilization in the past 15 years: Comparison between two population-based studies

Houve profundas mudanças ocorridas no sistema de saúde brasileiro nas últimas décadas. Dados de dois estudos transversais de base populacional, realizados em 1992 (n = 1657) e 2007 (n = 2706), entre indivíduos de 20-69 anos, foram comparados objetivando descrever mudanças na utilização dos serviços de saúde nos últimos quinze anos, em Pelotas, RS. Calcularam-se as frequências percentuais de consulta médicas no ano e nos últimos três meses, estratificadas por sexo. A última consulta foi analisada conforme local e motivo. A utilização no último ano aumentou de 69,8% para 76,2% (p < 0,001) e nos três meses, de 39,5% para 60,6% (p < 0,001). Quanto ao local, houve aumento do uso de planos de saúde, exceto para pretos/pardos, que continuaram usando os serviços públicos (69%, em 1992 e 61,8%, em 2007). Entre homens, as consultas preventivas aumentaram mais de dez vezes. Nos últimos quinze anos, os planos de saúde absorveram grande parte da demanda pública. Essa absorção não foi uniforme, com os pretos/pardos permanecendo no setor público. O maior aumento de consultas preventivas pelo sexo masculino ocorreu na faixa etária de menor risco (20-39 anos).<br>Profound changes in the Brazilian health system have occurred in the past few decades. Data from two cross-sectional population-based studies carried out in 1992 (n = 1,657) and 2007 (n = 2,706), among individuals from 20-69 years, were compared aiming to describe changes in Pelotas, Brazil. Prevalence of consultations in the past twelve and three months were calculated and stratified by gender. The most recent consultation was analyzed according to place and reason. Utilization in the past year increased from 69.8% to 76.2% (p < 0.001) and in the past three months from 39.5% to 60.6% (p < 0.001). There was an increase in use of authorized services, except for black/brown people who mainly continued using public services (69% in 1992 and 61.8% in 2007). Among men, preventive consultations increased more than ten-fold. In the past fifteen years, most of public demand was absorbed by authorized services. This absorption was not even, black/brown users remained in public services. The greatest increase in preventive consultations by males occurred in the low risk age group (20-39 years)