POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON SCHOOLCHILDREN’S HEALTH AND NUTRION IN GUIBA, BURKINA FASO

Malnutrition continues to be an epidemic problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The degree of malnutrition depends on many factors including prevalence of bacterial and parasitic diseases especially those in water sources, level of education, level of hygienic practices, cultural customs, seasonal and climatic conditions, food production and availability, and daily food intake. This study sought to describe the prevalence of different factors’ that may be associated with health in the commune of Guiba, Burkina Faso while also examining the dietary diversity scores (DDS) among schoolchildren attending secondary school in Guiba. Dietary diversity scores (DDS) are a measure of the number of food groups consumed by an individual. DDS serve as a proxy for nutritional adequacy. DDS was calculated from data collected using a series of related surveys over the months of October 2014 and April 2015 which asked individuals to perform a 24-hour recall of their food intake. A qualitative verbal survey was also conducted in May 2015 to determine the relation of cultural, educational, and hygienic practices to individual DDS. Production, price, and availability of different food items throughout a two year time period (August 2013 to June 2015) were described using monthly market observations at Guiba’s local market. Finally, a separate assessment of water quality surveys were performed during the end of dry season (June 2015) and at the beginning of rainy season (July 2015) to understand the prevalence of waterborne pathogens in water sources used by the schoolchildren. Water quality was tested at 10 different water sources within a five-kilometer radius of Guiba’s secondary school using 3MTM PetrifilmTM Count Plates that were analyzed to provide a measure of microbial counts. From the findings, the mean DDS of the individual schoolchildren surveyed in Guiba was low suggesting overall poor dietary diversity. The basic diet consisted of cereals such as millet, corn, and sorghum. Socio-demographic factors, such as the education level of the mother appear to be related to DDS. Water quality tests showed that eighty percent of water sources near the secondary school in the commune of Guiba were contaminated with fecal bacteria. These descriptions of the different environmental, social, and cultural influences may be potential improvement opportunities for health intervention, including food aid, in the future

Conceptual design study for an advanced cab and visual system, volume 2

The performance, design, construction and testing requirements are defined for developing an advanced cab and visual system. The rotorcraft system integration simulator is composed of the advanced cab and visual system and the rotorcraft system motion generator, and is part of an existing simulation facility. User's applications for the simulator include rotorcraft design development, product improvement, threat assessment, and accident investigation

Thermal decomposition of sodium trans-hyponitrite

Samples of amorphous sodium trans-hyponitrite (Na2N2O2), heated with a continuous rise in temperature in the absence of oxygen, decompose suddenly between 360 and 390°C. The decomposition products are Na2O and N2O, along with secondary reaction products derived from N2O. When Na2N2O2 is heated in an O2-containing atmosphere, the decomposition temperatures are lowered due to the slow oxidation of N2O22- to NO2- and of NO2- to NO3-, which accumulate and increase the decomposition rate. At P(O2) = 754 Torr, the isothermal induction period for Na2N2O2 between 275 and 315°C is given approximately by log (t(min)) = -14.8 ± 0.3 + (41090 ± 600 cal)/2.3RT. At 298 ± 2°C, the induction period of Na2N2O2 depends inversely on oxygen pressure (100-745 Torr), with a purified sample showing t(min) = 4.83 + 4902/P°(O2, Torr). © 1989 American Chemical Society