12 research outputs found

    Contribution of Heliborne Electro-Magnetic survey for landslide prediction: application to La Martinique (West Indies, France)

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    International audienceLandslide hazard and risk assessment (LHA & LRA) in French West Indies is a big challenge, because of several factors contributing to high sensitivity of slopes to landslide (complex weathered volcanic grounds, hurricane seasons, heavy land pressure).The initial step is to assess the spatial probability (and sometimes temporal) of failure (i.e. landslide susceptibility assessment; LSA) for a given area. LSA can be evaluated by several approaches (i.e. knowledge approach, data-driven approach, physically based approach). Physically based approaches are used to calculate a slope stability factor taking into account mechanical, geotechnical, hydrological and hydrogeological parameters. However, the parametrization of these models can be difficult because of a lack of information (i.e. soil depths, precipitations chronicles, lithology sometimes due to a difficult ground access, particularly in French Indies. Thus, HEM (Heliborne ElectroMagnetic Survey) appears as a solution to obtain specific information quickly and over large areas. Since 2000, the HEM method is increasingly used for environmental studies: geomorphological and hydrogeological studies. In 2013, The French Geological Survey conducted an HEM survey over La Martinique (West Indies). Resistivity contrasts were imaged up 250-300 meters depth with a horizontal resolution around 30 m and a vertical resolution between 3 and 8 m. Even if the resistivity has not a straightforward relationship with soil mechanical properties (which are key parameters for LHA) it provides relevant information on both the thickness and the extension of formations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of HEM survey to recognize landslide prone areas and landslide prone formations in volcanic environment. Once the different formations defined, they are introduced in a physically based model to assess the susceptibility of slope for different landslide types with hydrogeological control. The methodology is split in four steps: i. In the first step, the analysis of the HEM data to assess location and thicknesses of lithological and surfi-cial formations is performed by comparisons and correlations with field data and drilling; ii. In the second step, given the numerous geotechnical parameters required (i.e. cohesion,angle of friction, specific bulk unit weight), a sensitivity analysis on representative cross sections is conducted to obtain the best set of geotechnical parameters adapted to the sites; iii. In the third step, a geological model, integrating surficial formation and lithology obtained after the first step, is built; iv. In the fourth step, the geological model is integrated in a physically based model called ALICE Âź (Assessment of Landslides Induced by Climatic Events) to assess and to map the landslide susceptibility of slopes for selected areas. Different simulations, integrating different type of failures (translational and rotational), different resolutions (i.e. 5m, 10 m, 25 m) and the variation of the ground water table, are performed. For each step, statistical and expert evaluation (by calculation of success rates, exchanges between field observations, boreholes and geomorphological features) are conducted allowing the models validation. Finally, this approach is a first step, though it shows promising results in assessing and forecasting landslide hazard by integration of precipitation thresholds, the contributions and weaknesses of the method are discussed, as well as proposals to improve the latters

    SISMOTem-Antilles: an innovative pilot of macroseismic data close to seismic sensors

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    In order to be efficient during seismic crisis management, authorities need to dispose of rapid assessment of the earthquake impacts. To answer to this need as well as to ensure quick information of the public, one can usually appeal to empirical relations allowing conversion of ground-motion parameters to intensity values and vice-versa: the so-called "GMICEs" (Ground Motion to Intensity Conversion Equations). Now, the problem is that GMICEs are usually derived from instrumental and macroseismic data independently collected within different geological contexts. These data allow producing only limited correlations, as the observed effects of earthquakes are not directly related to a corresponding seismic record. In that context, it appears essential to dispose of both types of data (instrumental and macroseismic) for close and homogeneous recording/observation sites in order to reduce uncertainty of GMICEs. As to do that, BRGM and BCSF are conducting an original and unique pilot experiment allowing a regular acquisition of macroseismic data close to permanent seismic sensors in French West-Indies (Caribbean): the SISMOTem-Antilles project. The innovative proposed approach consists in setting up a network of voluntary witnesses frequently present very close to seismic sensors, coupled to an online testimony process feeding into a database. This approach seems to be particularly well adapted to French West-Indies where many seismic sensors are located directly in administrative or educational buildings or in the vicinity of habitations. Regular presence of many peoples may facilitate constitution of such a network of witnesses. Theses data will improve research on GMICEs and their utilization

    Analysis of Slope Sensitivity to Landslides by a Transdisciplinary Approach in the Framework of Future Development: The Case of La Trinité in Martinique (French West Indies)

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    Landslide hazard and risk assessment (LHA & LRA) in the French West Indies is a big challenge, particularly in Martinique, where several factors contribute to high slope sensitivity to landslides. This sensitivity is particularly due to volcanic ground, hurricane seasons, and growing pressure from urban development. Thus, to protect future goods and inhabitants and avoid increased slope sensitivity to landslide, it is necessary to analyze by different ways and complementary approaches the future planned areas. This research focuses on a site the City Council of ‘La Trinité’ wishes to develop. The goals consist of locating landslide-prone areas and providing some recommendations/indications for future projects. The site is characterized by a hilly topography alternating steep slopes, gentle slopes, and eroded areas and is located on a complex lithology (i.e., andesite, basalt, and weathered materials). By combining several approaches and techniques (geology, geomorphology, geophysics, and modeling), it is demonstrated that some areas are particularly susceptible to landslide, notably where colluviums are juxtaposed to highly weathered materials. The different documents produced, based on modeling and expert knowledge, combined with indications should allow the definition of new susceptibility classes, taking into account probable anthropic influence and development. Even if the temporal probability of the experimental documents is not taken into account, they help with refining knowledge of landslide-prone areas and different types of instability. The documents should be discussed with end users for future planning

    GUADELOUPE ET MARTINIQUE : DEUX TERRITOIRES SOUS FORTES CONTRAINTES Analyses comparatives pour une meilleure prise de décision

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    Poster des 3e Assises Nationales des Risques Naturels, 22-23 mars 2016, Marseille.International audienceLes DROM antillais ont subi, depuis une trentaine d’annĂ©es, de multiples crises liĂ©es Ă  l’expression d’alĂ©as naturels divers : cyclones tropicaux, inondations torrentielles et glissements de terrain 
, les perturbations environnementales et sanitaires des sargasses. La crise sismique des Saintes (2004) dont les rĂ©pliques sont encore en cours en 2015-16, le sĂ©isme majeur dit « de la Martinique » de novembre 2007, furent des Ă©vĂ©nements marquants qui permirent de remettre en mĂ©moire la principale menace Ă  laquelle ces Ăźles sont exposĂ©es : l’alĂ©a sismique.Ces crises se sont produites dans un contexte socio-Ă©conomique en mutation trĂšs rapide. En quelques dĂ©cennies, les sociĂ©tĂ©s antillaises sont passĂ©es de rurales Ă  urbaines et pĂ©riurbaines. La croissance dĂ©mographique rĂ©cente a aggravĂ© les pressions sur les terres exposĂ©es aux dangers naturels, notamment sur les littoraux.La prise de dĂ©cision des acteurs, souvent ancrĂ©e dans le prĂ©sent et les contraintes immĂ©diates dont une part est conjoncturelle, rĂ©sulte de choix dont la pertinence pourrait ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©e avec des outils d’analyse complĂ©mentaires.Une connaissance de la construction des territoires exposĂ©s aux risques naturels majeurs et Ă  subir des crises de gravitĂ© variable certes, mais Ă  forte pĂ©riodicitĂ©, Ă©clairerait leurs faiblesses constitutives et les solutions possibles pour les rĂ©duire. Les territoires se sont Ă©difiĂ©s avec le temps, les mutations socio-Ă©conomiques, institutionnelles et spatiales ainsi que les rĂ©ponses conjoncturelles et structurelles aux crises subies. Deux territoires Ă  fortes contraintes, exposĂ©s Ă  des alĂ©as naturels similaires, confrontĂ©s Ă  des enjeux vulnĂ©rables comparables, peuvent avoir toutefois des particularitĂ©s dont la mise en Ă©vidence et la comparaison aideraient Ă  une comprĂ©hension globale et circonstanciĂ©e. C’est le cas de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique.Un programme de recherche (Analyse comparative des GEStions de crise dans les Antilles et perspectives de REponses aux risques NATurels majeurs sur les espaces sensibles, AGESARENAT ) en cours a pour finalitĂ© d’effectuer une analyse diachronique et synchronique de la territorialisation de ces deux espaces insulaires antillais en rapport aux crises subies et aux rĂ©ponses tant conjoncturelles que structurelles apportĂ©es. Les problĂ©matiques posĂ©es et la recherche engagĂ©e amĂšnent Ă  reconsidĂ©rer les critĂšres de dĂ©finition de la notion de crise, de l’apprĂ©ciation de la gravitĂ© relative des Ă©vĂšnements, Ă  en dĂ©celer les Ă©volutions, et ce, d’autant que l’analyse remonte trĂšs loin dans le temps, jusqu’aux fondements mĂȘme de la colonisation.Parmi les procĂ©dures de recherche analyser/comparer les actions rĂ©centes des collectivitĂ©s des deux territoires (inscrites dans un cadre global ou de rĂ©ponses aux crises) met en exergue des stratĂ©gies spĂ©cifiques et des territorialisations diffĂ©renciĂ©es. Elles rĂ©vĂšlent de fortes identitĂ©s socio-spatiales dont les Ă©volutions institutionnelles rĂ©centes diffĂ©renciĂ©es (maintien des deux collectivitĂ©s territoriales en Guadeloupe, collectivitĂ© unique Ă  la Martinique) sont l’une des expressions. Comprendre, savoir, comparer
 pour agir avec le recul nĂ©cessaire Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision pertinente est l’une des finalitĂ©s des rĂ©flexions en cours

    GUADELOUPE ET MARTINIQUE : DEUX TERRITOIRES SOUS FORTES CONTRAINTES Analyses comparatives pour une meilleure prise de décision

    No full text
    Poster des 3e Assises Nationales des Risques Naturels, 22-23 mars 2016, Marseille.International audienceLes DROM antillais ont subi, depuis une trentaine d’annĂ©es, de multiples crises liĂ©es Ă  l’expression d’alĂ©as naturels divers : cyclones tropicaux, inondations torrentielles et glissements de terrain 
, les perturbations environnementales et sanitaires des sargasses. La crise sismique des Saintes (2004) dont les rĂ©pliques sont encore en cours en 2015-16, le sĂ©isme majeur dit « de la Martinique » de novembre 2007, furent des Ă©vĂ©nements marquants qui permirent de remettre en mĂ©moire la principale menace Ă  laquelle ces Ăźles sont exposĂ©es : l’alĂ©a sismique.Ces crises se sont produites dans un contexte socio-Ă©conomique en mutation trĂšs rapide. En quelques dĂ©cennies, les sociĂ©tĂ©s antillaises sont passĂ©es de rurales Ă  urbaines et pĂ©riurbaines. La croissance dĂ©mographique rĂ©cente a aggravĂ© les pressions sur les terres exposĂ©es aux dangers naturels, notamment sur les littoraux.La prise de dĂ©cision des acteurs, souvent ancrĂ©e dans le prĂ©sent et les contraintes immĂ©diates dont une part est conjoncturelle, rĂ©sulte de choix dont la pertinence pourrait ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©e avec des outils d’analyse complĂ©mentaires.Une connaissance de la construction des territoires exposĂ©s aux risques naturels majeurs et Ă  subir des crises de gravitĂ© variable certes, mais Ă  forte pĂ©riodicitĂ©, Ă©clairerait leurs faiblesses constitutives et les solutions possibles pour les rĂ©duire. Les territoires se sont Ă©difiĂ©s avec le temps, les mutations socio-Ă©conomiques, institutionnelles et spatiales ainsi que les rĂ©ponses conjoncturelles et structurelles aux crises subies. Deux territoires Ă  fortes contraintes, exposĂ©s Ă  des alĂ©as naturels similaires, confrontĂ©s Ă  des enjeux vulnĂ©rables comparables, peuvent avoir toutefois des particularitĂ©s dont la mise en Ă©vidence et la comparaison aideraient Ă  une comprĂ©hension globale et circonstanciĂ©e. C’est le cas de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique.Un programme de recherche (Analyse comparative des GEStions de crise dans les Antilles et perspectives de REponses aux risques NATurels majeurs sur les espaces sensibles, AGESARENAT ) en cours a pour finalitĂ© d’effectuer une analyse diachronique et synchronique de la territorialisation de ces deux espaces insulaires antillais en rapport aux crises subies et aux rĂ©ponses tant conjoncturelles que structurelles apportĂ©es. Les problĂ©matiques posĂ©es et la recherche engagĂ©e amĂšnent Ă  reconsidĂ©rer les critĂšres de dĂ©finition de la notion de crise, de l’apprĂ©ciation de la gravitĂ© relative des Ă©vĂšnements, Ă  en dĂ©celer les Ă©volutions, et ce, d’autant que l’analyse remonte trĂšs loin dans le temps, jusqu’aux fondements mĂȘme de la colonisation.Parmi les procĂ©dures de recherche analyser/comparer les actions rĂ©centes des collectivitĂ©s des deux territoires (inscrites dans un cadre global ou de rĂ©ponses aux crises) met en exergue des stratĂ©gies spĂ©cifiques et des territorialisations diffĂ©renciĂ©es. Elles rĂ©vĂšlent de fortes identitĂ©s socio-spatiales dont les Ă©volutions institutionnelles rĂ©centes diffĂ©renciĂ©es (maintien des deux collectivitĂ©s territoriales en Guadeloupe, collectivitĂ© unique Ă  la Martinique) sont l’une des expressions. Comprendre, savoir, comparer
 pour agir avec le recul nĂ©cessaire Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision pertinente est l’une des finalitĂ©s des rĂ©flexions en cours

    Modeling of major cliff destabilizations and subsequent lahars in the PrĂȘcheur catchment, Martinique.

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    International audienceThe PrĂȘcheur river is located to the West of Montagne Pele'e, in the Northern part of Martinique island. For several decades it has produced numerous lahars that directly threaten the PrĂȘcheur village, at the mouth of the river. In recent years, the most important lahars have been correlated to massive collapses of the Samperre cliff, 9 km upstream from the sea, that create a reservoir of loose material at the bottom of the cliff. In 2010, a lahar started from this reservoir, destroyed a bridge and inundated part of the PrĂȘcheur village. A new major period of collapses of the Samperre cliff started on 2 January 2018, involving more than 4 × 106 m3 of material. In the following days, intense rainfalls triggered several lahars that reached the PrĂȘcheur village but remained confined in the river bed. Since then, lahars and collapses have continued to occur, even though their frequency has decreased with time and their intensity is smaller compared to the onset of the crisis. One single lahar overflowed the river bed on 22 February 2018 without significant impact on infrastructures.In this study, we test different possible scenarios to model the first and most important phase of the collapse of the Samperre cliff, that occurred in early January 2018, with the shallow-water model SHALTOP. We constrain the collapse geometry with photogrammetric 3D models and LIDAR topographic surveys, acquired in 2010 and in late January 2018. We also consider an intermediate volume to take into account a possible retreat of the cliff face between 2010 and 2018. The modeled traveled distances are compared to field observations. Finally, we use geomorphological and geological observations to identify potentially unstable structures within the cliff, and model the associated collapses.These simulations provide insights on the possible geometry (extent and depth) of the debris reservoir at the bottom of the cliff, after a major collapse episode. This is of prior importance in order to estimate the location and volume of future lahars. In order to investigate their dynamics, we model the major 2010 lahar, for which the initial debris reservoir volume is known (about 2 Mm3). We first simulate the progressive remobilization of the reservoir by water with the r.avaflow numerical code. In a second test, we impose instead a constant flow discharge upstream until the same volume has been released. We test different parameters to identify which ones have the most significant influence on the lahar travel time, from its initiation until it reaches the PrĂȘcheur village

    Simplified simulation of rock avalanches and subsequent debris flows with a single thin-layer model. Application to the PrĂȘcheur river (Martinique, Lesser Antilles)

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    International audienceThis work focuses on the use of thin-layer models for simulating fast gravitational flows for hazard assessment. Such simulations are sometimes difficult to carry out because of the uncertainty on initial conditions and on simulation parameters. In this study, we aggregate various field data to constrain realistic initial conditions and to calibrate the model parameters. By using the SHALTOP numerical code, we choose a simple and empirical rheology to model the flow (no more than two parameters), but we model more finely the geometrical interactions between the flow and the topography. We can thus model both a rock avalanche, and the subsequent remobilization of the deposits as a high discharge debris flow.Using the PrĂȘcheur river catchment (Martinique, Lesser Antilles) as a case study, we focus on extreme events with a high potential to impact populations and infrastructures. We use geological and geomorphological data, topographic surveys, seismic recordings and granulometric analysis to define realistic simulation scenarios and determine the main characteristics of documented events. The latter are then reproduced to calibrate rheological parameters. With a single rheological parameter and the Coulomb rheology, we thus model the emplacement and main dynamic characteristics of a recent rock avalanche, as well as the travel duration and flooded area of a documented high discharge debris flow. Then, in a forward prediction simulation, we model a possible 1.9x10^6 m^3 rock avalanche, and the instantaneous remobilization of the resulting deposits as a high-discharge debris flow. We show that successive collapses allow to better reproduce the dynamics of the rock avalanche, but do not change the geometry of the final deposits, and thus do not influence the initial conditions of the subsequent debris flow simulation. A progressive remobilization of the materials slows down the debris flow and limits overflow, in comparison to instantaneous release. However, we show that high discharge debris flows, such as the one considered for model calibration, are better reproduced with an instantaneous initiation. The range of travel times measured for other significant debris flows in the PrĂȘcheur river is consistent with our simulation results, with various rheological parameters and the Coulomb or Voellmy rheology

    L’électromagnĂ©tisme hĂ©liportĂ©, un outil d’infrastructure pour la connaissance gĂ©ologique et hydrogĂ©ologique.

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    International audienceL’amĂ©lioration de la connaissance du sous-sol passe par la mise en oeuvre d’outils d’acquisition innovants. Initialement dĂ©veloppĂ© pour la prospection miniĂšre, l’ElectroMagnĂ©tisme hĂ©liportĂ© (HEM) a bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d’amĂ©liorations significatives ces 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es, notamment sur la rĂ©solution de proche sub-surface qui atteint dĂ©sormais quelques mĂštres. Cet outil permet d’imager les variations de conductivitĂ© Ă©lectrique du sous-sol, dues principalement Ă  la nature des roches et fluides en prĂ©sence, et ce, jusqu’à plusieurs centaines de mĂštres de profondeur. L’utilisation de moyens hĂ©liportĂ©s rend possible l’acquisition de plusieurs centaines Ă  milliers de kilomĂštres linĂ©aires en quelques jours. Lors d’un levĂ©, des centaines de milliers de mesures sont acquises le long des lignes de vol reconstituant ainsi des coupes de contrastes Ă©lectriques. Depuis une dizaine d’annĂ©es, le BRGM a conduit de nombreux levĂ©s HEM : en RĂ©gion Centre, puis, avec une couverture haute rĂ©solution, sur l’ensemble des Ăźles de Mayotte (2010), Martinique (2013), Guadeloupe (2013), La RĂ©union (2014) et sur quelques secteurs en Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie (2015). Cette mĂ©thode a dĂ©montrĂ© sa capacitĂ© Ă  fournir des informations pertinentes dans des contextes gĂ©ologiques variĂ©s (sĂ©dimentaires, mĂ©tamorphiques, plutoniques ou volcaniques). Les couvertures HEM constituent des donnĂ©es d’infrastructure utilisĂ©es en dĂ©veloppement et, de façon croissante, en production. Quelle que soit la qualitĂ© d’affleurement en surface, l’étendue du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal ou la prĂ©sence de relief, cette mĂ©thode fournit une information continue et met en Ă©vidence les variations spatiales des structures et la rĂ©partition des unitĂ©s (hydro-)gĂ©ologiques le long de coupes plurikilomĂ©triques. Le couplage des levers EM avec les observations de terrain et les forages permet aux gĂ©ologues de restituer, de maniĂšre quantifiĂ©e, la gĂ©omĂ©trie des objets gĂ©ologiques et leurs relations, depuis l’échelle rĂ©gionale jusqu’à des sites d’études de quelques centaines de mĂštres d’extension. A partir d’exemples rĂ©alisĂ©s ces 8 derniĂšres annĂ©es, la prĂ©sentation montrera le potentiel et les limites de l’outil HEM dans les domaines de la cartographie gĂ©ologique, de l’implantation de forages en eau, de la modĂ©lisation (hydro-)gĂ©ologique, de la prospection en matĂ©riaux ou de gisements miniers et des risques naturel
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