Validity and Reliability of a Persian Version of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry Scale in Patients with Bipolar Type One Disorder

Background: The screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry scale (SCIP) is designed for assessment of cognitive function in patients with psychiatry disorders. English and Spanish versions of SCIP have been shown to be sensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction as a standard test. The SCIP is a scale intended to quickly and easily assess the cognitive impairment in patient with sever psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of Persian version of SCIP when applied to patients diagnosed with bipolar type one disorder. Methods: Psychometric properties were evaluated in a group of 30 patients aged between 18 and 55 years who were in stable phase of bipolar type one disorder and a control group of 30 healthy people using Persian version of SCIP, controlled oral word association test (COWAT), Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT), digit symbol coding (Wechsler adult intelligence III) test, and Trail Making Test (TMT) part A and B. Results: The subscales of Persian version of SCIP were significantly correlated with the corresponding standard neurocognitive tests with an adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.85). Test-retest reliability showed intraclass correlation coefficient as 0.94. Conclusion: Generally, Persian version of SCIP showed reasonable validity and reliability in order to assess cognitive impairments in patients with bipolar type one disorder and differentiate these patients from healthy control group in this term. Keywords Bipolar Disorder; Cognitive Impairment; Screening; Psychiatr

Opiate Dependents’ Experiences of the Therapeutic Relationship in Methadone Centers; A Qualitative Study

Abstract Background: Methadone maintenance therapy is a treatment of choice for opiate addiction. Understanding opiate dependents’ experiences of patients' treatment is a key to continue the treatment and can provide help to revise the standards of methadone centers and improve the quality of treatment. This study aimed to describe the essence and structure of opiate dependents’ experiences with methadone maintenance therapy. Methods: It was a qualitative phenomenological study, in which participants were selected from opiate dependents referred to methadone centers in Kerman city in 2007. Sampling was purposive and continued until data saturation, which was achieved at 32 participants. Data were collected by in-depth interviews. Colaizzi's method was applied for data analysis. The rigor of the present study was assessed based on the criteria of confirmability and credibility. Findings: A total of 26 themes were extracted and categorized into three main themes including positive therapeutic alliance, negative therapeutic alliance and therapeutic alliance requests. Conclusion: Client–centered therapy in methadone clinics creates a positive therapeutic alliance, and persuades patients to continue their treatment. Establishing a good relationship with patients during their treatment procedure is an effective way to meet the goals. Individual and group counseling sessions and advices on family and career related issues during the treatment should be considered as well. Keywords: Methadone, Experiences, Professional Patient Relationships, Qualitative research, Opiate dependenc

Physical Effects of Methadone Maintenance Treatment from the Standpoint of Clients

Background: Studies have shown that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is effective in improving the client’s quality of life and physical health. This study aimed to describe the nature and structure of drug dependents' experiences and the physical effects of MMT Methods: The present study is a qualitative and a phenomenology study on 32 clients referred to methadone clinics in the city of Kerman in 2008. Colaizzi’s method was used for data analysis and to evaluate the data, validity and reliability criteria were used. Findings: Encoded concepts were categorized in general groups of effectiveness on general health, sleep, appetite and weight, sexual desire, appearance and other effects. These six categories showed the main structure of experience and physical effects of MMT. Conclusion: The clients' viewpoints towards this treatment had a role in their experience expression and feelings, but MMT had an overall positive physical effect on the clients Keywords: Methadone maintenance treatment, Physical effects

Social Phobia and its Association with Academic Performance among Student of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Background & Objective: Public speaking is a common academic activity. Social phobia is associated with fear of public speaking which affects educational achievement. However, few researches have examined the prevalence of social phobia among university students in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of social phobia among students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and its impact on their academic performance. Methods: Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Brief Version of Negative Evaluation Scale, and a questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics and academic performance were applied to 700 randomly selected students from Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Results: The prevalence of social phobia among the university students was 40.6%. Grade Point Average (GPA) was not significantly different between the students with social phobia comparing to students without social phobia. Yet, students with social phobia believed that fear of speaking in public had negative effects on their academic performance. In this study, only 4.1% of students with social phobia have been visited by psychiatrists. Conclusion: Preventive strategies are recommended to reduce the under-recognition and the adverse impact of social phobia on academic performance of university students. Keywords Social phobia Academic performance Medical university students Kerman (Iran

پایایی و روایی نسخه فارسی مقیاس غربالگری نقایص شناختی در روان‌پزشکی در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی نوع یک

مقدمه:مقیاس غربالگری نقایص شناختی در روان‌پزشکی (Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry یا SCIP)، از ابزارهای بررسی نقایص شناختی جدید می‌باشد که نسخه انگلیسی و اسپانیایی آن در جمعیت‌های نرمال و جمعیت بیماران مبتلا به اختلالات دوقطبی و اسکیزوفرنی پایایی و روایی مناسبی را نشان داده است. استفاده از این ابزار آسان است و برای تکمیل، حداکثر 15 دقیقه زمان نیاز دارد. هدف از انجام مطالعه حاضر، ارزیابی پایایی و روایی نسخه فارسی مقیاس SCIP در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی نوع یک و مقایسه با جمعیت شاهد بود. شیوه مطالعه: در یک گروه 30 نفره از بیماران مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی نوع یک و 30 فرد عادی (گروه شاهد) که در محدوده سنی 18 تا 55 سال قرار داشتند، مقیاس SCIP و تعدادی آزمون‌های شناختی استاندارد شامل آزمون سیالی کلام (حروف و معنایی) (Controlled Oral Word Association Test یا COWAT)، آزمون یادگیری کلامی شنیداری Rey (RAVLT یا Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test)، آزمون جایگزینی نماد ارقام [Digit symbol coding (Wechsler adult intelligence III)] و آزمون ساخت دنباله (الف و ب) [TMT یا Trail Making Test (A, B) ] انجام شد. یافته‌ها:زیرمقیاس‌های نسخه فارسی SCIP همبستگی معنی‌داری با تست‌های شناختی استاندارد داشتند. همچنین، زیرمقیاس‌های SCIP همبستگی درونی معنی‌داری را با یکدیگر نشان دادند (0.85 = Cronbach's alpha). بر اساس نتایج آزمون-بازآزمون، ضریب (ICC)Intraclass correlation coefficient ، 0.94 به دست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع، نتایج مطالعه حاضر بیانگر روایی و پایایی قابل قبول نسخه فارسی SCIP در بررسی نقایص شناختی بیماران مبتلا به اختلال دوقطبی نوع یک و نیز افتراق این بیماران از افراد سالم از نظر نقایص شناختی می‌باشد. کلیدواژه‌ها اختلال دوقطبی؛ نقایص شناختی؛ غربالگری؛ روان‌پزشک

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