Pemodelan Daya Pengadukan Selama Proses Dehidrasi Osmotik Irisan Mangga dalam Larutan Gula

This study discusses mathematical model of agitation power due to the change of sugar solution concentration during the process of mango slices osmotic dehydration. The sugar solution agitation was performed in several levels of rotational speed to correlate the power number with the Reynolds number. Then, the obtained model was used to calculate the power consumption for various temperature and initial rotational speed of shaft. The results showed that the correlation can be used for various conditions of shaft rotational speed and solution concentration. Osmotic dehydration for 8 hours at conditions of 30-50OC with rotational speed of 143-525 rpm results in solution dilution from 61OBx to 50.5-52.5OBx. Temperature of 30OC with initial shaft rotational speed of 500 rpm results in power consumption ten times higher than that of 50OC and 148 rpm. Moreover, power consumption reduction up to 80% of initial energy consumption due to the dilution of the sugar solution during the osmotic dehydration process was obtained

The Effect of Palm Biodiesel Fuel on the Performance and Emission of the Automotive Diesel Engine

This study is devoted to the performance and emission evaluation of automotive diesel engine as affected by palm biodiesel fuel utilization. The concentration of palm biodiesel used in the test was ranged from B0 (pure petro-diesel), B10, B20, B30, B50 and B100 (pure biodiesel).The engine performance was evaluated through torque, power, and specific fuel consumption, while the emission was evaluated through carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide (CO2), and NOx pollutants. The result shows that higher content of palm biodiesel can reduce the emission of CO, HC, PM, and CO2. It was found that the addition of biodiesel could increase the power and torque. Further more, NOx also decreased when the content of palm biodiesel increases, which is in contrast with those generally found in the previous non palm biodiesel studies

PERKEMBANGAN PROSES PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR NABATI (BBN)

ABSTRACT As energy dernands increase and fossil fuel reservas are limited, research is directed towards alternative renewable fluls. A potential diesel fuel substitusi is biodiesel, obtained from fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) and produced by the transesterfication reaction of triglyceride or free fatty acid (FFA) of vegetable oils with short-chain alcohol, mainly methanol. Most of the currently of alcohol. Although the removal of the excess alcohol can be easily achieved by distillation, however the removal of catlyst and the by-product formed from its reaction with the reactants is complicated while several methode for glycerol purification have been reported. The disadvantages resulting from the use of a catalyst and itsremoval from theproducts can beeliminated if a non-catalytic reaction of the vegetable oils with alcohol can be realized and a simpler and cheaper process can be developed.indonesia has the opportunity to expand oil palm and other plantations such as jatropha curcas (jarak pagar)in order to provide sufficient amount of crude oil for development of biodiesel industry. Keyword: biodiesel, vegetable oil, renewable source of energy, catalyst, non-catalytic, transesterfication Diterima: 6 April 2006; Disetujui: 19 Juli 200

VALIDASl SPESIFlKASI CAMPURAN BIODIESEL-SOLAR HASIL PENGUKURAN DENGAN METODA PERHITUNGAN SEDERHANA

ABSTRACT Biodiesel is a fuel derived from vegetable oil or animal fats that can be used as an additive to or entirely replace conventional petroleum diesel fuel. In most cases, biodiesel is mixed with conventional diesel because of the higher cost of biodiesel, product availability and engine compatibility issues. In Indonesia, the decree No. 3675K/24/DJM/2006 regarding the quality and specification of diesel oil type Solsr 48 and Solar 51 has been issued this decree regulates the use of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) up to the maximum of 10 percent of the volume of automotive diesel fuel with which it is to be blended. The cost to measure the properlles of fuel is expensive and time consuming, therefore it is important to develop a simple method to predict those blending properties. This paper presents the development of a simple calculation method for the validation of blend palm biodiesel-mineral diesel specification (density, viscosity, cetane number and lubricity) which has been measured in the author's previous study The result shows that the lubricity and viscosity shows a higher average error value (difference value between calculation and measurement result) of 1.66% and 1.35%, whereas density and cetane number shows lower average error values of 0.06 and 0.6%. The average error value less than 2% is still acceptable. Keywords: Biodiesel, blend, fuel properties, density. cetane, viscosity, lubricity Diterima; 20 Agustus 2007; Disetujui: 31 Agustus 200

Validasl Spesiflkasi Campuran Biodiesel-solar Hasil Pengukuran dengan Metoda Perhitungan Sederhana

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from vegetable oil or animal fats that can be used as an additive to or entirely replace conventional petroleum diesel fuel. In most cases, biodiesel is mixed with conventional diesel because of the higher cost of biodiesel, product availability and engine compatibility issues. In Indonesia, the decree No. 3675K/24/DJM/2006 regarding the quality and specification of diesel oil type Solsr 48 and Solar 51 has been issued this decree regulates the use of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) up to the maximum of 10 percent of the volume of automotive diesel fuel with which it is to be blended. The cost to measure the properlles of fuel is expensive and time consuming, therefore it is important to develop a simple method to predict those blending properties. This paper presents the development of a simple calculation method for the validation of blend palm biodiesel-mineral diesel specification (density, viscosity, cetane number and lubricity) which has been measured in the author's previous study The result shows that the lubricity and viscosity shows a higher average error value (difference value between calculation and measurement result) of 1.66% and 1.35%, whereas density and cetane number shows lower average error values of 0.06 and 0.6%. The average error value less than 2% is still acceptable

Perkembangan Proses Pembuatan Biodiesel sebagai Bahan Bakar Nabati (Bbn)

As energy dernands increase and fossil fuel reservas are limited, research is directed towards alternative renewable fluls. A potential diesel fuel substitusi is biodiesel, obtained from fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) and produced by the transesterfication reaction of triglyceride or free fatty acid (FFA) of vegetable oils with short-chain alcohol, mainly methanol. Most of the currently of alcohol. Although the removal of the excess alcohol can be easily achieved by distillation, however the removal of catlyst and the by-product formed from its reaction with the reactants is complicated while several methode for glycerol purification have been reported. The disadvantages resulting from the use of a catalyst and itsremoval from theproducts can beeliminated if a non-catalytic reaction of the vegetable oils with alcohol can be realized and a simpler and cheaper process can be developed.Indonesia has the opportunity to expand oil palm and other plantations such as jatropha curcas (jarak pagar)in order to provide sufficient amount of crude oil for development of biodiesel industry

Tinjauan Perkembangan Proses Katalitik Heterogen dan Non-Katalitik untuk Produksi Biodiesel

Biodiesel masih diharapkan menjadi bahan bakar alternatif selain dari minyak bumi. Oleh karenanya penelitian yang intensif tengah dilakukan para peneliti di dunia untuk mengembangkan proses produksi biodiesel yang lebih efisien, ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan. Diantaranya adalah dengan mengembangkan proses secara katalitik dan non-katalitik. Proses katalitik heterogen menjadi perhatian khusus dengan banyaknya hasil penelitian yang menjanjikan dan diharapkan dapat mengatasi kekurangan proses katalitik homogen saat ini. Di Indonesia berbagai sumber katalis alami telah diteliti untuk dijadikan katalis heterogen. Namun, proses non-katalitik juga memberikan harapan proses yang cukup bisa diandalkan tentu dengan berbagai tantangannya. Baik proses katalitik heterogen maupun proses non-katalitik diyakini sebagai proses potensial yang dapat diterapkan dalam waktu dekat ini. Oleh karena itu, perkembangan hasil dan berbagai tantangan dari kedua proses tersebut diulas dalam tinjauan ini sebagai peluang penelitian teknologi proses biodiesel yang inovatif