Energy Expenditure In Vocalizations Of Pigs Under Stresses

Modern swine production faces many challenges nowadays, among which are productivity growth, meat quality improvement, decrease of environmental damage and reduction of cost production. Pigs spend energy to vocalizing, especially when they undergo stress. The waste of energy can increase the cost of production and lead to greater environmental damage. The goal of this study was to estimate the energy spent by pigs under the stress of castration and its effect on the animals' weight gain. Two groups of ten animals each were castrated, being one group with local anesthetic and the other without anesthetic. The piglets' vocalizations were recorded during different stages of the neutering process and then estimated of the amount of energy emitted during each vocalization. Afterwards, this energy was associated with the animals' weight gain. There was no difference in the total energy spent in both groups, since the energy used during the application of anesthetic was similar to the energy spent during the castration of the animals without anesthetic. There was also no correlation between energy spent and the animals' weight gain. It was possible to estimate the amount of energy emitted through vocalization. This energy spent by piglets in pain was greater than in other handling situations (contention, weighting and realease).335896901Cordeiro, A.F.S., Pereira, E.M., Nääs, I.A., Silva, W.T., Moura, D.J., Medida de Vocalização de Suínos (Sus scrofa) como um Indicador de Gasto Energético (2009), p. 2. , Brazilian Journal of Biosystems Engineering, CampinasCosta, A.N., Produção e bem-estar animal aspectos técnicos e éticos da produção intensiva de suínos (2008) Ciência Veterinária nos Trópicos, Recife 11, 1, pp. 43-48Costa, O.A.D., Ludke, J.V., Costa, M.J.R.P., Faucitano, L., Peloso, J.V., Roza, D.D., Modelo de carroceria e seu impacto sobre o bem-estar e a qualidade da carne dos suínos (2007) Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 37 (5), pp. 1418-1422Dallanora, D., Machado, G.S., Biondo, N., Impacto da qualidade dos leitões desmamados sobre o desempenho posterior nas creches terminações (2010) Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, Porto Alegre, 37, pp. 171-180Hötzel, M.J., Machado Filho, L.C.P., (2013), pp. 34-38. , http://www.freewebs.com/hotzel/PorWorld2004.pdf, Comportamento e bem-estar dos leitões em relação ao desmame. Porkworld, Paulina, São Paulo 01 jul. 2004. Disponível em: Acesso em: 28 fevKummer, R., Gonçalves, M.A.D., Lippke, R.T., Marques, B.M.F., Mores, T.J., Fatores que influenciam o desempenho dos leitões na fase de creche (2009) Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, Porto Alegre, 37 (1), pp. 195-209Marx, G., Horn, T., Thielebein, J., Knubel, B., Borell, E., Analysis of pain-related vocalization in young pigs, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2003) Amsterdam 266, 3, pp. 687-698Moraes, E., Kiefer, C., Iandara Schettert Silva, I., S.Ractopamina em dietas para suínos machos imunocastrados, castrados e fêmeas (2010) Ciência Rural, Santa Maria40, pp. 2409-2414Moura, D.J., Silva, W.T., Nääs, I.A., Tolon, Y.B., Lima, K.A.O., Vale, M.M., Real timecomputer stress monitoring of piglets using vocalization analysis (2008) Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Amsterdam, 64, pp. 111-118Nääs, I.A., Campos, L.S.L., Baracho, M.S., Tolon, Y.B., Uso de redes neurais artificiais na identificação de vocalização de suínos (2008) EngenhariaAgrícola, Jaboticabal, 28, pp. 2204-2216Pauly, C., Spring, P., O'doherty, J.V., Kragten, S.A., Bee, G., Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat qualityof group-penned surgically castrated, immunocastrated(Improvac®) and entire male pigs and individually pennedentire male pigs (2009) The International Journal of Animal Biosciences, Cambridge, 3 (7), pp. 1057-1066Rault, J.-L., Lay, J.R., Marchant-Forde, J.N., Castration induced pain in pigs and other livestock (2011) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Amsterdam, 135 (3), pp. 214-225Risi, N., Uso da vocalização como indicador patológico em leitões na fase de maternidade. 2010. 93 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (2010) PiracicabaSilva, R.B.T.R., Nääs, I.A., Moura, D.J., Silveira, N.A., Welfare norms for swine production under intensive rearing system.Brazilian Journal of Biosystems Engineering (2007) Campinas, 1 (2), pp. 137-145Smith, A.L., Stalder, K.J., Serenius, T.V., Baas, T.J., Mabry, J., W.Effects of piglet birth weights at weaning and 42 days post weaning (2007) Journal of Swine Health and Production, 15 (4), pp. 213-218Taylor, A.A., Weary, D.M., Vocal responses of piglets to castration: identifying procedural sources of pain (2000) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Amsterdam, 70 (1), pp. 17-26Tolon, Y.B., Baracho, M.S., Nääs, I.A., Rojas, M., Moura, D.J., Ambiências térmica, aérea e acústica para reprodutores suínos EngenhariaAgrícola (2010) Jaboticabal, 30 (1), pp. 1-1

Evaluating Poultry House Ventilation Systems

In order to compare which ventilation system lead the best environment for broiler production two system were tested using small scale models: 1) a prototype using centrifugal ventilation and the other 2) using axial ventilation. The test was run during four seasons from November 98 to November 99. The models were closed by plastic curtains and the amount of air inlet controlled by the curtain openings. Data on dry bulb, black globe and wet bulb temperatures were recorded every 15 min. Enthalpy and the Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index were calculated and compared for both systems. The results showed that there was not statistically significant difference between both systems, however the values for the BGHI index are better for the prototype using axial ventilation, specially for completely closed building.249234930Sevegnani, K.B., Avaliação de Tinta Cerâmica em Telhados de Modelo em Escala Reduzida, Simulando Galpões para Frango de Corte, , Campinas, SP: Unicamp, 1997. Orientadora: Irenilza de Alencar Näås. Dissertacão (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia AgricolaHellickson, M.A., Walker, J.N., (1983) Ventilation on Agricultural Structures, p. 371. , ASAE, St. Joseph, MichiganNääs, I.A., Fatores não nutricionais que afetam o desempenho de frangos de corte (1992) Anais da Conferência ApincoNääs, I.A., Palestra: Conforto Térmico (1994) Ambiente, Instalação. Equipamentos e Manejo, , novembre dePereira, A.M., Stress Calórico em Poedeiras Comerciais (1991) Seminário de Postura Comercial, pp. 135-145. , Guab

ETHANOL, CORN, AND BROILER: THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE GLOBAL CHAINS / ETANOL, MILHO E FRANGO: A INTERDEPENDENCIA DE SUAS CADEIAS GLOBAIS

This study aimed to assess the impact of the increase in the United States (US) ethanol production from corn, between 2000 and 2012, and extendedly in the broiler production. A comparative production analysis of the three commodities production in the US and Brazil was given in order to understand the effect on their supply chains. Results indicated that the increase in the US ethanol production was not followed by the local corn and broiler production. Reflexes of the increase in US ethanol production were found in Brazilian broiler production since the corn supply was historically dependent of the US supply. We have also found an excellent opportunity for Brazilian corn production increase with a direct result in ethanol and broiler production since further logistics, and infrastructure solutions are given. </p

Broiler Response To Different Wind Speeds

Broiler production in Brazil has turned into a very competitive activity in the late years. Constant innovation leads to higher productivity maintaining the same cost of production, which is a desirable situation. Lately one characteristic for broiler housing in Brazil has been the increase in birds density requiring the use of controlled environment through the use of fan and fogging systems in order to achieve better birds productive performance. Most Brazilian producer already uses cooling equipment however it is still unknown the right way to control the wind speed and direction towards the birds. This present research has the objective to evaluate the effect of the wind speed on the heat transfer from the birds to the environment for broilers at 27 days old. There was used 200 birds, placed in a wind tunnel measuring 1.10 m high by 1.10m wide x 10.0 m of length, and the birds density varied from 9, 16 and 20 birds/m 2. Two wind speed were simulated 340 rpm (1.0 m/s) and 250 rpm (0.3 m/s). The increase in the wind velocity related to the smaller bird densityled to a higher heat loss and to a more uniform temperature distribution in its exposed areas.249314936(1995) ASAE STANDARS 1995.45° Ed., , St. Joseph, ASAE, 1995. EP270.5 DEC94Daghir, N.J., (1995) Poultry Production in Hot Climates, p. 303. , Oxon, CAB InternationalErnst, R.A., Housing for Improved Performance in Hot Climates (1995) Poultry Production, , CAB INTERNATIONAL, WallinfordEmmans, G.C., (1981) A Model of the Growth and Feed Intake of Ad Libitum Fed Animals, Particularly Poultry, p. 07. , Occasional publication, 5, British Society of Animal ProductionHellickson, M.A., Walker, J.N., (1983) Ventilation of Agricultural Structures, p. 371. , St. Joseph. ASAEMacari, M., Furlan, R.L., Gonzales, E., (1994) Fisiologia Aviária Aplicada a Frangos De Corte, p. 296. , Jaboticabal, FUNEPNääs, I.A., O equilíbrio térmico nas aves: Aspectos físicos (1995) Smpósio Internacional Sobre Ambiência e Instalação na Avicultura Industrial, pp. 19-24. , Campinas, Textos, 1995, CampinasNääs, L.A., Estresse calórico: Meios artificiais de condicionamento (1995) Simpósio Internacional Sobre Ambiência e Instalação na Avicultura Industrial, pp. 109-112. , Campinas, Textos, 1995, Campina

Computational System For Laminitis Preventive Diagnosis Of Confined Dairy Cattle Hoof Pathologies In Freestall Housing

From the middle of the 20th century, producers and genetics experts have intensified the work to improve daily production. Advances have appeared, however, these results had not been followed by the improvement of cows' hooves. The intensification of herds' needs have been carried through housing modifications aiming to adjust them as well as to have them become more productive, leading to a larger concentration of animals, resulting in a bigger volume of dejects, higher liumidity, less hygiene, and difficulties of handling. This scenario results in the sprouting of hoof pathologies. This research considered the development of a computational system for preventive diagnosis of confined dairy cattle hoof pathologies in freestall housing, for estimating the presence of laminitis. Clinical diagnosis of the laminitis is only possible by observing faulty locomotion; however, when the symptoms are apparent, the pathology is already in an advanced stage. A correlation with the nutritional factors of feed intake, the presence of abrasive pavements, climatic changes, and handling conditions had allowed the conversion of these data into linguistic terms, and the application of Fuzzy Logic inference algorithms based on a rule database to be used as the decision support process. The results showed that the expert system generates information of possible increases or decreases in laminitis development and also supplies recommendations for producers' actions by making modifications in parameters regarding environmental conditions, feeding and handling management. The generated technology contributes for the reduction of the economic losses and leads to improvement in dairy cattle welfare.495500Carvalho, V. R. C. 2004. The effects of trimming on dairy cattle-hoof pressure distributions and weight bearing dynamics during the stance phase. Ph.D. diss., Agricultural and Biological Engineering Dept., University of Florida. Microfiche, 2004Carvalho, V.R.C., Bucklin, R.A., Shearer, J.K., Shearer, L., Effects of trimming on dairy cattle hoof weight bearing and pressure distributions during the stance phase (2005) Transactions of the ASAE, 48 (4), pp. 1653-1659. , St. Joseph, MICarvalho, V.R.C., Nāās, I.A., Mollo Neto, M., Massafera Jr., V., (2005) Prediction of Lameness Occurrences in Dairy Cows using a Fuzzy-Logic Based Expert's System, 7, pp. 1-15. , Part I. International Commission of Agricultural Engineering, Bonn, Germany, vDe Belie, N., Rombaut, E., Caracterisation of claw-floor contact pressures for standing cattle and the dependency on concrete roughness (2003) Biosystems Engineering, 85 (3), pp. 339-346Girard, Callot, M., Hugues, E., Kromm, H., Performance evaluation of innovative product design process (2002) Proceedings of the IEEE SMC'02 Conferences, , Hammamet, TunisiaHaffey, M. K. D., and A. H. B. Duffy. 2001. Process performance measurement support-a critical analysis, in: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Engineering Design, Glasgow, UKJohnson, H.D., Ragsdale, A.C., Berry, I.L., Effects of various temperature-humidity combinations on milk production of Holstein cattle (1962) Research Bulletin, 791. , Columbia:Missouri Agricultural Experimental StationManske, T., Hultgren, J., Bergsten, C., The effect of claw trimming on the hoof health of Swedish dairy cattle (2002) Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 54, pp. 113-129Matarazzo, S.V., (2004) Eficiència do sistema de resfriamento adiabático evaporativo em confinamento do tipo free-stall para vacas em lactação, , Tese de doutorado, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, USP SPMerlo, O., Girard, Grai, P., Engineering: A knowledge modeling method to co-ordinate engineering design (2003) Proceedings of the 2003 International CIRP Design Seminar, , Grenoble, FranceNääs, I.A., Principio de Conforto Térmico na Produção Animal (1989) São Paulo: Ícone, , 183pNaas, I.A., Moura, D.J., Avancos Recentes Da Zootecnia De Precisão (2005) V Congresso Brasileiro de Agroinformática, SBI-AGRO, , LondrinaNienaber, J.A.Hahn, G. L.and Eigenberg, R.A. 2004. Engineering and Management Practices to Ameliorate Livestock Heat Stress. In: International Symposium of the C1GR - New Trends in Farm Buildings, 2nd Technical Section. Book of abstracts. CD-ROM Congresso Évora, Portugal. May 02-06/2004Raven, E.T., (1989) Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming, , United Kingdom: Farming PressSchmisseur, E., Validation of Expert Systems (1992) ACAAA - Advanced Computer Applications in Animal Agriculture, , Dallas, Texas, USA, February 26-28Stone, W.C., Nutritional approaches to minimize subacute ruminal acidoses andlaminitis in dairy cattle (2004) J. Dairy Sci, 87 (E. SUPPL.), pp. E13-E26Thorn, E.C., The discomfort index (1959) Weatherwise, 12, pp. 57-59Warren, J., Beliakov, G., Van der Zwaag, B., Fuzzy logic in clinical practice decision support systems (2000) Proc. of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, , IEEE: 0-7695-0493- 0/00Yager, R. R., and Filev, D. P. 1994. Essentials of Fuzzy Modeling and Control. New York: Wiley. Zadeh, L. A. 1965. Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control, 8: 338-353Zadeh, L.A., From, L.A., Computing with Numbers to Computing with Words-From Manipulation of measurements to Manipulation of Perceptions (1999) IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, 45, pp. 105-11

Development Of Walking Index For Broilers From 17 To 24 Days Old

This research had the objective of developing a model which describes the way that a flock of broilers from 17 to 24 days old walked in the region around the feeder, for better understanding their feeding behavior. The model takes into consideration the area occupied by the birds, their age and environmental variables such as ambient temperature, relative humidity and light intensity. Results showed that almost all variables contribute to reducing the movement, except the illuminance, but the ambient temperature is the one that mostly affect the response variable which was the movement of the birds, followed by age, relative humidity and the amount of area occupied by the broilers.335341Aydin, A., Cangar, O., Eren Ozcan, S., Bahr, C., Berckmans, D., Application of a fully automatic analysis tool to assess the activity of broiler chickens with different gait scores (2010) Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 73, pp. 194-199Bokkers, E.A.M., Koene, P., Rodenburg, T.B., Zimmerman, P.H., Spruijt, B.M., Working for food under conditions of varying motivation in broilers (2004) Animal Behaviour, 68 (1), pp. 105-113Cahaner, A., Pinchasov, Y., Nir, I., Effects of dietary protein under high ambient temperature on body weight, breast meat yield and abdominal fat deposition on broiler stock differing in growth rate and fatness (1995) Poultry Science, 74, pp. 968-975Curto, F.P.F., Nääs, I.A., Pereira, D.F., Salgado, D.D., Estimativa do padrão de preferência térmica de matrizes pesadas (frango de corte) (abstract in English) (2007) Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 11 (2), pp. 211-216FAWC - Farm Animal. Welfare Council, (1992) Report on the Welfare of Broiler Chickens, p. 9. , Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food paragraph 35-38Goliomytis, M., Panopoulou, E., Rogdakis, E., Growth curves for body weight and major component parts, feed consumption, and mortality of male broiler chickens raised to maturity (2003) Poultry Science, 82, pp. 1061-1068Kristensen, H.H., Prescott, N.B., Perry, G.C., Ladewig, J., Ersbøll, A.K., Overvad, K.C., Wathes, C.M., The behavior of broiler chickens in different light sources and illuminances (2007) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 103, pp. 75-89Macari, M., Furlan, R.L., Ambience in poultry production in tropical climate (2001) Ambience in Poultry Production in Tropical Climate: Series Agricultural Engineering Rural Constructions, 1, pp. 31-87. , Silva, I.J.O (Ed) SBEA: Piracicaba/SPMedeiros, C.M., Baêta, F.C., Oliveira, R.F.M., Tinôco, I.F.F., Albino, L.F.T., Cecon, P.R., Effects of temperature, relative humidity and air velocity on broiler chickens (2005) Engineering in Agriculture, 13 (4), pp. 277-286(2005) Minitab, , Version 15.1.0.0. IncNeves, D.P., Nääs, I.A., Vercellino, R.A., Moura, D.J., Do broilers prefer to eat from a certain type of feeder? (2010) Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 12 (3), pp. 179-187Pagel, M., Dawkins, M.S., Peck orders and group size in laying hens: Future contracts for nonaggression (1997) Behavioural Processes, 40, pp. 13-25Prescott, N.B., Watches, C.M., Reflective properties of domestic fowl (Gallus g domesticus), the fabric of their housing and the characteristics of the light environment in the environmentally controlled poultry houses (1999) Brazilian Poultry Science, 40, pp. 185-193Rutz, F., Physiological aspects governing the thermal comfort of birds (1994) Conference APINCO, pp. 99-110. , Santos/SP. Proceedings... Campinas: FACTA, 1994Salgado, D.D., (2006) Statistical Model to Predict the Welfare of Broiler Breeders Based on Data from the Environment and Behavior Analysis, 128p. , Thesis (Masters) - School of Agriculture Engineering, University of Campinas, CampinasThery, M., Forest light and its influence on habit selection (2001) Plant Ecology, 153, pp. 251-26

Broiler And Swine Production: Animal Welfare Legislation Scenario [produção De Frangos De Corte E Suínos: Cenário Da Legislação Sobre Bem-estar Animal]

Brazil is the world largest meat exporter and one of the most recent demands of the import market is directed towards animal welfare. Codes, norms and legislations used in Brazil are out of date, and in most cases those adopted for both poultry and swine production are based on international standards to meet trade requirements. This research aimed to study and describe an overall scenario of the standards, norms and legislations for animal welfare items applied to broiler and swine production: rearing, handling and transportation. The critical points of these items were identified in accordance to standards and current literature on animal welfare issues, effective on January 2008. The comparison was based on given scores varying from 1-5 (very bad to very good) as function of the existence of standard norms and legislations for each country and/or economic block, and for each type of demand, as well as the level of adoption by producers. When compared to counterparts Brazil detained the lowest score for all types of demands, and its mean score of norms is lower (p < 0.05). For both poultry and swine production the European Union provides detailed information to producers, followed by Australia and United States. Exception is made to standards in moving or transporting swine within the farm. Brazilian legislation for poultry production presents a general insufficiency of 58%, while in swine production the highest deficit is in transportation. There is a need to invest in updating animal welfare standards, norms and legislation in the country for maintaining its international competitiveness.666713720Albright, L.D., (1990) Environmental Control For Animals and Plants, p. 455. , St. Joseph: ASAE, (Textbook, 4)Amaral, A.L., Lima, G.J.M.M., Silveira, P.R.S., Klein, C.S., Paiva, D.P., Martins, F., Kich, J.D., Silval, V.S., Boas Práticas De Produção De Suínos, , www.cnpsa.embrapa.br/sgc/sgc_publicacoes/publicacao_k5u59t7m.pdf, Concórdia, 2006. Available at, Accessed 10 Jan 2009Aradas, M.E.C., Nääs, I.A., Thermal environment in broiler houses using two bird densities under tropical conditions (2005) Agricultural Engineering International, 7, pp. 1-10Araújo, L.F., Café, M.B., Leandro, N.S.M., Junqueira, O.M., Araújo, C.S.S., Cunha, R., Silva, C.C., Desempenho de poedeiras comerciais submetidas ou não a diferentes métodos de debicagem (2005) Ciência Rural, 35, pp. 169-173Avila, V.S., Kunz, A., Bellaver, C., Paiva, D.P., Jaenisch, F.R.F., Mazzuco, H., Trevisol, I.M., Rosa, P.S., Boas Práticas de Produção de Frangos de Corte, , www.cnpsa.embrapa.br/sgc/sgc_publicacoes/publicacao_s8t285e.pdf, Concórdia, 2007. Available at, Accessed 10 Jan 2009Boivin, X., le Neindre, P., Chupin, J.M., Establishment of cattle-human relationships (1992) Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 32, pp. 325-335Boni, I.J., Paes, A.O.S., Climatização de aviários: Aquecimento e refrigeração para matrizes (2000) Curso Sobre Equipamentos Avícolas Para O Setor De Corte, pp. 47-65. , São Paulo, 2000. Resumos. São Paulo: Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem IndustrialLein. 9605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998 (2001) Constituição Federal: Código Penal, Código De Processo Penal, p. 1248. , BRASIL, In: Gomes, L.F., 3 ed. São Paulo: Editora Revista dos TribunaisNienaber, J.A., Turner, L.W., Acute heat stress effects on heat production and respiration rate in swine (1998) Transactions of The Asae, 41, pp. 789-793Brüninghaus, B., (1993) Die Stellung Des Tieres, p. 148. , Berlin: HumboltChagnon, M., Drolet, R., A prospective study of sow's mortality in breeding herds (1991) Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 55, pp. 180-184Cony, A.V., Zocche, A.T., Manejo de frangos de corte (2004) Produção De Frangos De Corte, pp. 118-136. , In: MENDES, A.A.NÄÄS, I.A.MACARI, M., Campinas: FACTA, cap.8Cossins, A.R., Bowler, K., (1987) Temperature Biology of Animals, p. 325. , London: Chapman & HallCurtis, S.E., Backstrom, L., Housing and environment: Influence on production (1992) Disease of Swine, pp. 884-900. , In: LEMANN, A.D.STRAW, B.E.MENGELING, W.L.D'ALLAIRE, S.TAYLOR, D.J., Ames: Iowa State University PressDawkins, M.S., Cook, P.A., Whittingham, M.J., Mansell, K.A., Harper, A.E., What makes free-range broiler chickens range? In situ measurement of habitat preference (2003) Animal Behaviour, 66, pp. 1-10www.defra.gov.uk/search/, DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS - DEFRA. 2007. Available at, Accessed 22 Aug. 2007Dias, E.C., (2000) A Tutela Jurídica Dos Animais, p. 155. , Belo Horizonte: MandamentosDuncan, I.J.H., Petherick, J.C., The implications of cognitive processes for animal welfare (1991) Journal of Animal Science, 69, pp. 5022-5071The Global Partnership For Safe and Sustainable Agriculture, , http://www.eurepgap.org/Languages/English/index_html, EUREPGAP, Available at, Accessed 16 Nov. 2005Report. 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