Photograph of Gavin Alexander Pitt

Portrait of Pitt at approximately 40 years old

Photograph of Gavin Alexander Pitt

Portrait of Pitt at approximately 40 years old

Cover: by Janet Parke. Modified from Vikon fractal. www.infinite-art.com

The goal of the Complex Trait Consortium (CTC) is to produce greatly improved resources that can be used to understand, treat, and ultimately prevent the most pervasive human diseases. Essentially all 20 human diseases are complex in the sense that incidence, severity, and outcome are determined by interactions among many genes and environmental factors. Cancer, diabetes, heart and lung disease, Alzheimer's, and infectious diseases all fall into this category. Members of the CTC have spent the past year devising a detailed plan to generate a single collaborative genetic resource that will greatly accelerate the study of human disease. The resource is called the Collaborative Cross. This Report explains our reasoning and provides an outline of the methods and costs associated with making the Collaborative Cross. 3

National Parks

National Parks (Parks) have been defined by the IUCN as areas to be managed for ecosystem protection and the promotion of education and recreation. Globally, there are many exceptions to the full IUCN definition: some are not national, some do not allow recreation; some areas that meet the definition are not called Parks and some that don't, are. The issue of definition also leads to wildly deviating claims about how many Parks there are across the globe. When writing the first edition in 2009, there were about 3900 Parks worldwide covering nearly 4.5 million km2. Today, estimates range from more than 6500 to 113,000 parks covering almost 150 million sq km. Parks developed from the ideas of advocates in England and America who were concerned with recreation and cultural protection rather than the environment. The first two designated were Yosemite (1864) and Yellowstone (1872) both in America. Parks are still being designated today: China announced 10 pilot programs in 2017 with its first National Park in the Sanjiangyuan area planned to open in 2020. A World Park Congress is held every decade to determine global policy: the sixth was in Sydney in 2014. Emphasis has shifted since the first Congress from ecosystem protection to sustainable development and local involvement. The latest Congress also examined issues of climate change and the challenges of reconciling different development challenges while safeguarding equality. The ownership of Parks is variable: many are not publicly owned. There has been some restitution of Park lands to Indigenous peoples, but often the state has retained many of the rights (habitation, hunting, resource exploitation) to this land. The biggest management challenge in Parks is striking a balance between conservation and development. Active community involvement in management is commonly deployed in pursuit of this balance