Geometric parameterisation of pelvic bone and cartilage in contact analysis of the natural hip: an initial study

Parameterised finite element models of the human hip have the potential to allow controlled analysis of the effect of individual geometric features on the contact mechanics of the joint. However, the challenge lies in defining a set of parameters which sufficiently capture the joint geometry in order to distinguish between individuals. In this study, a simple set of parameters to describe the geometries of acetabulum and cartilage in the hip were extracted from two segmentation-based models, which were then used to generate the parameterised finite element models for the two subjects. The contact pressure and contact area at the articular surface predicted from the parameterised finite element models were compared with the results from the segmentation-based models. The differences in the predicted results between the parameterised models and segmentation-based models were found to be within 11% across seven activities simulated. In addition, the parameterised models were able to replicate features of the contact pressure/area fluctuations over the loading cycle that differed between the two subjects. These results provide confidence that the parameterised approach could be used to generate representative finite element models of the human hip for contact analysis. Such a method has the potential to be used to systematically evaluate geometric features that can be captured from simple clinical measurements and provide a cost- and time-effective approach for stratification of the acetabular geometries in the patient population

Effects of Temporal Hydrostatic Pressure on Tissue-Engineered Bovine Articular Cartilage Constructs

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of temporal hydrostatic pressure (HP) on the properties of scaffoldless bovine articular cartilage constructs. The study was organized in three phases: First, a suitable control for HP application was identified. Second, 10 MPa static HP was applied at three different timepoints (6–10 days, 10–14 days, and 14–18 days) to identify a window in construct development when HP application would be most beneficial. Third, the temporal effects of 10–14-day static HP application, as determined in phase II, were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Compressive and tensile mechanical properties, GAG and collagen content, histology for GAG and collagen, and immunohistochemistry for collagen types I and II were assessed. When a culture control identified in phase I was used in phase II, HP application from 10 to 14 days resulted in a significant 1.4-fold increase in aggregate modulus, accompanied by an increase in GAG content, while HP application at all timepoints enhanced tensile properties and collagen content. In phase III, HP had an immediate effect on GAG content, collagen content, and compressive stiffness, while there was a delayed increase in tensile stiffness. The enhanced tensile stiffness was still present at 8 weeks. For the first time, this study examined the immediate and long-term effects of HP on biomechanical properties, and demonstrated that HP has an optimal application time in construct development. These findings are exciting as HP stimulation allowed for the formation of robust tissue-engineered cartilage; for example, 10 MPa static HP resulted in an aggregate modulus of 273 ± 123 kPa, a Young's modulus of 1.6 ± 0.4 MPa, a GAG/wet weight of 6.1 ± 1.4%, and a collagen/wet weight of 10.6 ± 2.4% at 4 weeks