L'Union européenne est-elle un club chrétien ?

Pour l'auteur, l'Union européenne est effectivement déchristianisée et n'est par conséquent pas un « club chrétien ». Néanmoins l'article cherche à montrer la persistance d'un sentiment religieux chrétien qui explique le rejet dont fait l'objet la Turquie dans sa quête d'adhésion

Islambouliotes

Donated by Klaus Kreise

"l'Union européenne est-elle un club chrétien"

Vergin Nur. "l'Union européenne est-elle un club chrétien". In: CEMOTI, n°21, 1996. L'immigration turque au féminin. pp. 306-312

Prognostic significance of cell proliferation and apoptosis-regulating proteins in Epstein-Barr virus positive and negative pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma

Apoptosis-related genes and proteins and proliferation activity and their relationship with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a contemporary issue. In this study, prognostic or pathogenetic roles of EBV latent infection, proliferating activity, and apoptosis-regulating proteins in pediatric Hodgkin lymphomas were explored. EBV-EBER, lmp-1, ki-67, bcl-2, survivin, Bax, fas, c-myc, and p53, and apoptotic index were analyzed in 63 pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma cases. The results were evaluated by chi-square, Mann Whitney U test, Pearson correlation analysis, and Kaplan Meier survival analysis. Thirty-two cases were stage I or II, whereas 31 cases were stage III or IV. The mean age was 8.4 ± 63.54 years. EBV was positive in 52 (82.5%) cases. Overall survival was 94% and event-free survival 83.6%. Bax expression was observed 74.6%, bcl-2 47.6%, survivin 43%, p53 33.3%, fas 54%, and c-myc 25.4%. The mean apoptotic index was 18.22%. The mean proliferation index was 57.83%. The proliferation index was positively related with EBV but not with prognosis. None of the parameters were related with prognosis. EBV was negatively related with the apoptotic index. There were no relationships between bax, bcl-2, survivin, p53, fas, and c-myc with EBV. These results suggest that EBV might play a role in Hodgkin lymphoma pathogenesis by inducing proliferative activity and inhibiting apoptosis. Apoptosis-related proteins were not correlated with EBV. None of the parameters was found to predict prognosis. © 2007 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc

Tissue Expression of MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 Proteins and Prognostic Value of Microsatellite Instability in Wilms Tumor: Experience of 45 Cases

Background: Although the importance of microsatellite instability (MSI) and mismatch repair genes (MMR) is strongly established in colorectal cancer seen in the Lynch syndrome, its significance has not been fully established in Wilms tumor (WT). The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of MSI and MMR proteins in WT. Methods: This study included 45 pediatric cases with nephroblastoma. Protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry of archival tissue sections. Real-time PCR melting analysis and fluorescence capillary electrophoresis (FCE) were performed to evaluate the MSI markers BAT25, BAT26, NR21, NR24, MONO27, penta D, and penta C in DNA extracted from tumor and normal tissues. Results: Lower levels of MSI were observed in six cases (13.3%). There were no statistically significant correlations between MSI and some clinical prognostic factors such as stage of the tumors, and survival rates. Nineteen tumors (42.2%) showed loss of protein expression of MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, or MSH6. MMR protein defects were correlated with size (P = .021), and stage (P = .019) of the tumor, and survival rates (P < .01). Similarly MSI was also correlated with the size of the tumor (P = .046). Conclusions: This study showed that a small proportion of WT might be associated with the presence of MSI, as is the case with defects of DNA mismatch repair genes in the pathogenesis of WT. However, there was no concordance with the frequency of tissue expression of MMR proteins and MSI. These findings suggest that MMR genes may play an important role in the development of WT via different pathways

Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in pediatric Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas with or without Epstein-Barr virus latent infection

The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the relationship between COX-2, prognosis and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in pediatric Hodgkin (pHL) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (pNHL). Cyclooxygenase-2 is frequently overexpressed in various tumors. COX-2 inhibitors' potential use as a therapeutic target in onco-hematology and its relation with EBV is a contemporary question. A potential role for COX-2 in EBV-associated human cancers was suggested. The role of COX-2 in EBV-related oncogenesis of pHL and pNHL is not studied. The expression of COX-2, latent membrane protein 1 and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded early RNA was detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in 63 pHL and 70 pNHL. The results were scored as positive or negative. The statistical significance was assessed by correlation, survival analysis, and nonparametric tests. In pNHL cases, the mean age was 7.16∈±∈3.72. EBV was positive in 18 cases, COX-2 in 16 cases (22.8%). Expression of COX-2 did not correlate with age, sex, stage, phenotype, histology, EBV positivity, and response rate to therapy. In pHL cases, the mean age was 8.46∈±∈3.54. EBV was positive in 52(82.5%), COX-2 in 36(57.1%) cases. The expression of COX-2 protein did not correlate with age, sex, stage of disease, EBV positivity, and response to therapy. COX-2 expression was higher in nodular sclerosing and lymphocyte-rich histology. In log rank analysis, no statistical significance for prognosis was observed. In this series, COX-2 was found to be expressed in the minority of pNHL tissues and more than half in pHL cases especially in NS type. This might be related with fibrosis of NS cases. It did not correlate with prognosis. COX-2 expression did not seem to have a synergistic role with EBV in the pathogenesis of pediatric lymphomas. It will be useful studying the relationship of COX-2 expression with apoptotic and other factors in pediatric lymphomas. © 2007 Springer-Verlag London Limited

Prognostic Significance of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis-Regulating Proteins in Epstein-Barr Virus Positive and Negative Pediatric Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Apoptosis-related proteins and proliferation activity and their relationship with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) are contemporary issues in pediatric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (pNHL). In this study prognostic or pathogenetic role of EBV latent infection, proliferating activity, and apoptosis-regulating proteins in pNHL were explored. EBV-EBER, lmp-1, ki-67, bcl-2, survivin, bax, fas, c-myc, p53 and apoptotic index by TUNEL method were explored in 70 pNHL cases and evaluated statistically. Of the 70 cases evaluated, 24 were female and 46 were male. Seven cases were stage I/II and 63 cases were stage III/IV. The mean age was 7.16 +/- 3.72(1-15). EBV was positive in (25.7%) cases. Overall survival was 82%, while event free survival was 75%. Bax was expressed in 40% of the cases, while the expression of bcl-2, was 50%, survivin 42.9%, p53 8.6%, fas 18.6% and c-myc in 45.7%. Mean apoptotic index was 131.29 +/- 96.69 per 5,000 cells. Mean proliferation index was 55.97% (12-92%). Fas positivity was high in EBV positive cases (p=0.0001). EBV positivity was not related with prognosis. Apoptotic index was found to be an independent prognostic factor (p=0.017). Our results suggest that apoptosis-regulating proteins have a role in the pathogenesis of pNHL. EBV was correlated with apoptotic index and fas, bcl-2. No correlation was observed with proliferation index and studied factors. High apoptotic index was related with good prognosis