Encouraging Entrepreneurship: Microfinance, Knowledge Support, and the Costs of Operating in Institutional Voids

This study focuses on the supplemented strategies of microfinance institutions (MFIs), in which the MFI offers nonfinancial services, such as entrepreneurship related knowledge, in addition to financial services to impoverished borrowers at the bottom of the pyramid (BoP). We examine two contextual factors–foreign direct investment (FDI) and loan defaults–to better understand the relationship between providing knowledge support to encourage entrepreneurship and costs of operating at the BoP for MFIs. In contexts where FDI is low and loan defaults are high, providing knowledge support to encourage entrepreneurship aggravates the MFI\u27s costs of operating at the BoP. However, in contexts where FDI is high and loan defaults are low, providing knowledge support to encourage entrepreneurship among impoverished borrowers does not aggravate the MFI\u27s costs of operating at the BoP. Hence, in emerging markets where governments welcome FDI and curb loan defaults, MFIs can viably support entrepreneurship among the poor

Ovarian cancer survival population differences: a "high resolution study" comparing Philippine residents, and Filipino-Americans and Caucasians living in the US

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In contrast to most other forms of cancer, data from some developing and developed countries show surprisingly similar survival rates for ovarian cancer. We aimed to compare ovarian cancer survival in Philippine residents, Filipino-Americans and Caucasians living in the US, using a high resolution approach, taking potential differences in prognostic factors into account.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using databases from the SEER 13 and from the Manila and Rizal Cancer Registries, age-adjusted five-year absolute and relative survival estimates were computed using the period analysis method and compared between Filipino-American ovarian cancer patients with cancer patients from the Philippines and Caucasians in the US. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to determine factors affecting survival differences.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Despite more favorable distribution of age and cancer morphology and similar stage distribution, 5-year absolute and relative survival were lower in Philippine residents (Absolute survival, AS, 44%, Standard Error, SE, 2.9 and Relative survival, RS, 49.7%, SE, 3.7) than in Filipino-Americans (AS, 51.3%, SE, 3.1 and RS, 54.1%, SE, 3.4). After adjustment for these and additional covariates, strong excess risk of death for Philippine residents was found (Relative Risk, RR, 2.45, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 1.99-3.01). In contrast, no significant differences were found between Filipino-Americans and Caucasians living in the US.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Multivariate analyses disclosed strong survival disadvantages of Philippine residents compared to Filipino-American patients, for which differences in access to health care might have played an important role. Survival is no worse among Filipino-Americans than among Caucasians living in the US.</p

Nineteen ninety (1990) Social Accounting Matrix

Meeting: Joint Technical Workshop of the MIMAP Phase III Project and the PIDS - TRP Project, 11-12 Apr. 1996, Calatagan, PHIncludes Annex 1-3

IJCM_288A: Factors responsible for death among HIV infected patients registered in ART Centre Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

Background: Factors responsible for death in HIV infected population are necessary to devise disease specific preventive interventions at both state and national level HIV programs. This study examines the factors responsible for death among HIV-infected individuals registered in Anti-Retro-viral Therapy (ART) center Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Objectives: 1. To understand the trends of HIV deaths in last 6 years in Jabalpur District. 2. To understands the factors responsible for deaths among registered HIV positive patients in ART Centre of Jabalpur District. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of factors responsible for death was undertaken among HIV-infected patients who were treated between January 2016 and December 2021 at ART Center Jabalpur. Results: Among total of 83 sample cases registered from January 2016 to December 2021, 86.7% of those who died were males. Mean duration of survival after initiation of treatment is 17 months. 49.4% of the cases falls under the age group of 31-45 years. 75.9% of the cases contracted the virus through sexual mode of transmission. 56.6% of the cases had opportunistic infections. Tuberculosis is (32.5%) is the leading opportunistic infections and 28.9% of cases had CD4 count in the range of 50-199 cells/mm. Conclusion: Tuberculosis has remained the leading factor responsible for deaths among the HIV patients on ART. Deaths were significantly associated with patient’s CD4 count at the time of diagnosis and the presence of opportunistic infections during treatment

Is there income mobility in the Philippines?

Despite a more robust economic performance over the past decade compared with the 1980s and 1990s, growth in average household income is still far below what might be expected given the pace of economic expansion in the Philippines. Inequality of household income has also remained high, which leads to the question: is there income mobility in the Philippines? Using longitudinal data from three years of the redesigned Philippine Family Income and Expenditure Survey (2003, 2006, and 2009) and a variety of analytical tools, we examine the mobility of Filipino household income and show that it is less stagnant than is conventionally perceived. Empirical evidence suggests that significant positive and negative mobility exists; albeit, the two tend to offset each other, contributing to slow household income growth at the aggregate level. In addition, there is some evidence that transitory fluctuations contribute significantly to the observed level of income mobility. Overall, the findings are robust across different analytical tools used in measuring income mobility