Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism is not a strong risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in Type I diabetes: case-control study

BACKGROUND: The gene encoding apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been proposed as a candidate gene for vascular complications in Type I diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the influence of three-allelic variations in the APOE gene for the development of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. RESULTS: Neither APOE alleles frequencies or APOE genotypes frequencies differed between Type I diabetic groups either with or without nephropathy. Similar results were found for patients with and without diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: APOE gene polymorphism does not determine genetic susceptibility for the development of diabetic retinopathy in Type I diabetes patients. Association between APOE gene polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy may be weak or moderate, but not strong

Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and its effect on anthropometric measures in normoglycemic subjects and type 2 diabetes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Apolipoprotein E (apo E) plays a major role in lipid metabolism, obesity and accordingly in development of diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD). Our main objective was to evaluate the association between apo E gene polymorphism with anthropometric measures.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Participants were selected from zone 17 Tehran/Iran. We assessed height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, serum fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Genotyping for apo E gene polymorphism was carried out using PCR-RFLP technique.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among total study population (n=311), 156 subjects were diabetic. The apo E3/E3 was the most common genotype in our population while E2 and E4 alleles had lower frequencies, respectively. After adjustment for diabetes, the apo E2 and E4 alleles were significantly associated with hypercholesterolemia and WC, respectively (p= 0.009, 0.034). This association was also related to sex and age. The probability of having abdominal obesity in E4 allele carriers was increased from 0.22 to 8.12 in women and to 3.08 in age ≥ 50 years.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Apo E polymorphism had significant influences on WC and total cholesterol level in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study highlights the importance of lifestyle modifications which may be more beneficial in hypercholesterolemic women carriers of E2 and E4 alleles concomitant central obesity.</p

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism as a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis

Investigations into the association between diabetic nephropathy (DN) and MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism in several case-control studies has yielded contradictory results. To shed light on these inconclusive findings, a meta-analysis of all available studies relating the C677T polymorphism to the risk of developing DN was conducted. The PubMed database was searched, and case-control studies investigating the association between MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism and DN were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included 15 studies, of which 8 involved Caucasians and 5 East Asians; 11 studies involved subjects with type 2 diabetes and 4 with type 1 diabetes. The main analysis (all studies) revealed significant heterogeneity between the studies (P-Q < 0.01) and a marginal association between the 677T allele and the risk of developing DN; the random effects (RE) pooled odds ratio (OR) was 1.30 (1.03-1.64). However, the sensitivity analysis (exclusion of studies not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) produced non-significant results. The recessive model derived significant results in main analysis [fixed effects (FE) OR = 1.32 (1.10-1.58), P (Q) = 0.27], and in type 2 diabetes [FE OR = 1.30 (1.06-1.60), P-Q = 0.38]. The additive model produced significant association in main analysis [RE OR = 1.65 (1.13-2.42), P-Q < 0.01] in Caucasians [FE OR = 1.48 (1.11-1.98), P-Q = 0.17] and in type 2 diabetes [RE OR = 1.65 (1.03-2.67), P-Q < 0.01]. However, sensitivity analysis diminished the significant results in type 2 diabetes. There is no differential magnitude of effect in large versus small studies. In conclusion, although there is some evidence of association between MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism and DN, the above findings reinforce the need for further and more rigorous association studies

Diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: risk factors and prevention

A nefropatia diabética (ND) é responsável pelo aumento do número de pacientes em diálise em países em desenvolvimento, e já é a principal causa de terapia de substituição renal nos países desenvolvidos. Neste manuscrito, revisamos os fatores de risco e apontamos estratégias para prevenir esta complicação microvascular nos pacientes com diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2). Alguns fatores de risco genéticos e não-genéticos estão relacionados ao desenvolvimento e à progressão da ND em pacientes DM2. Genes candidatos têm sido analisados, mas ainda há controvérsias sobre os marcadores genéticos da doença. Os fatores de risco não-genéticos reconhecidos são o mau controle glicêmico, pressórico e lipídico. Além disso, tem sido sugerido que a presença de retinopatia diabética e de neuropatia autonômica, do hábito de fumar, da alta ingestão protéica, e de níveis mais altos de albuminúria (mesmo dentro dos níveis normais) estão associados com um risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de ND. Algumas estratégias têm sido investigadas e comprovadas para prevenir ou, no mínimo, postergar o desenvolvimento da ND, tais como o controle da pressão arterial, da glicemia e da dislipidemia. Adicionalmente, os inibidores da ECA e os bloqueadores da angiotensina II apresentam efeitos independentes, não apenas explicado pelo controle da pressão arterial. Outras medidas terapêuticas são a baixa ingestão de proteínas na dieta e a suspensão do fumo.Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is responsible for the increasing number of patients on dialysis in developing countries, and is already the most common cause of renal replacement therapy in the developed ones. In this manuscript, we review the risk factors and point out strategies to prevent this microvascular complication in type 2 diabetic patients (DM2). There are some known genetic and non-genetic risk factors related to the development and progression of DN in DM2 patients. Candidate genes have been analysed, but there are still controversy about the genetic markers of the disease. Recognized non-genetic risk factors are poor glycemic, pressoric and lipidic control. Additionally, it has been suggested that the presence of diabetic retinopathy, autonomic neuropathy, smoking habit, higher protein ingestion, and higher normal levels of albuminuria (even within the normal range) are associated with an increased risk of developing DN. Some strategies have been investigated and proved to prevent or at least to postpone DN, such as to control blood pressure, glycemic levels and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II blockers have independent effects, not explained by blood pressure control alone. Other therapeutic items are to consume a low protein diet and to quit smoking