Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Do guidelines influence breathlessness management in advanced lung diseases? A multinational survey of respiratory medicine and palliative care physicians

Background Respiratory medicine (RM) and palliative care (PC) physicians’ management of chronic breathlessness in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrotic interstitial lung disease (fILD) and lung cancer (LC), and the influence of practice guidelines was explored via an online survey. Methods A voluntary, online survey was distributed to RM and PC physicians via society newsletter mailing lists. Results 450 evaluable questionnaires (348 (77%) RM and 102 (23%) PC) were analysed. Significantly more PC physicians indicated routine use (often/always) of opioids across conditions (COPD: 92% vs. 39%, fILD: 83% vs. 36%, LC: 95% vs. 76%; all p < 0.001) and significantly more PC physicians indicated routine use of benzodiazepines for COPD (33% vs. 10%) and fILD (25% vs. 12%) (both p < 0.001). Significantly more RM physicians reported routine use of a breathlessness score (62% vs. 13%, p < 0.001) and prioritised exercise training/rehabilitation for COPD (49% vs. 7%) and fILD (30% vs. 18%) (both p < 0.001). Overall, 40% of all respondents reported reading non-cancer palliative care guidelines (either carefully or looked at them briefly). Respondents who reported reading these guidelines were more likely to: routinely use a breathlessness score (χ2 = 13.8; p < 0.001), use opioids (χ2 = 12.58, p < 0.001) and refer to pulmonary rehabilitation (χ2 = 6.41, p = 0.011) in COPD; use antidepressants (χ2 = 6.25; p = 0.044) and refer to PC (χ2 = 5.83; p = 0.016) in fILD; and use a handheld fan in COPD (χ2 = 8.75, p = 0.003), fILD (χ2 = 4.85, p = 0.028) and LC (χ2 = 5.63; p = 0.018). Conclusions These findings suggest a need for improved dissemination and uptake of jointly developed breathlessness management guidelines in order to encourage appropriate use of existing, evidence-based therapies. The lack of opioid use by RM, and continued benzodiazepine use in PC, suggest that a wider range of acceptable therapies need to be developed and trialled

Análise de agrupamento para implementação da meta-análise em estimativas de herdabilidade para características de crescimento em bovinos de corte Cluster analysis for meta-analysis implementation for heritability of estimates growth traits in beef cattle

Estimativas de herdabilidade de características de crescimento são informações muito utilizadas em programas de melhoramento genético de bovinos de corte. Neste trabalho, foram compiladas 869 estimativas de herdabilidade, provenientes de 186 artigos publicados, das características peso ao nascimento, peso à desmama, peso aos 365 dias e peso aos 550 dias, de bovinos de corte de origem indiana. As estimativas foram divididas em grupos, em cada uma das quatro características, utilizando-se o método de agrupamento de Ward, e combinadas, dentro de cada grupo, por intermédio da meta-análise. Observou-se, para todas as características, que os grupos compostos por animais da raça Nelore presentes, em sua maioria, no Brasil, apresentaram maiores estimativas combinadas de herdabilidade que os demais grupos. Foram utilizados dois métodos, o da máxima verossimilhança restrita e o proposto por DerSimonian e Laird, para estimar a variância entre os estudos, tendo o primeiro apresentado valores superiores.<br>Heritability estimates of growth traits are essential informations in animal breeding programs. In this paper, 869 heritability estimates of birth weight, weaning weight, weight at 365 days old and weight at 550 days old, of 186 reports were compiled. The estimates were divided in groups using the Ward method of cluster analysis, and pooled by meta-analysis. It was observed, for all traits, that groups from Nelore breed, majority in Brasil, showed greater pooled heritability estimates than the other groups. The methods, restricted maximum likelihood and DerSimonian and Laird, were used to estimate the variance between studies, where the first method showed higher variances