Long-term effect of waste use of soil, litter, weeds and development and nutrition of Pinus taeda L.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Vargas MottaCoorientador: Dr. Shizuo MaedaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. Defesa : Curitiba, 19/01/2023Inclui referências: p. 38-47Resumo: Existem poucas informações sobre o uso de resíduos florestais da indústria nas plantações de Pinus taeda L em longo prazo visando o aumento da sustentabilidade do sistema. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o crescimento e nutrição das árvores, propriedades químicas do solo, acúmulo de serapilheira e ocorrência de plantas daninhas em um sistema de Pinus taeda L. corrigido com resíduo alcalinos de papel reciclado. O resíduo foi espalhado no plantio com diferentes doses (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 t ha-¹) em solo arenoso e de baixa fertilidade. O diâmetro e a altura das árvores juntamente com as propriedades químicas do solo foram monitoradas por 15 anos. Aos 15 anos, o crescimento das árvores e amostras de serapilheira, plantas daninhas e solo foram coletadas para avaliação. Ao longo de 15 anos de monitoramento, nenhuma mudança no crescimento das árvores ou no rendimento final foi observada, apesar do aumento das concentrações de Ca e da redução de Mn no tecido foliar. A baixa concentração de Mg nas acículas, combinada com a ocorrência de sintomas semelhantes à deficiência de Mg, sugere que este nutriente pode ser um fator limitante na resposta das árvores. Houve redução da massa de plantas daninhas com a aplicação do resíduo. A correção de resíduos aumentou o Ca do solo e atenuou a acidez até a profundidade de 60 cm após 15 anos; o efeito residual máximo nas propriedades do solo foi observado aproximadamente aos 13 anos. A serapilheira diminuiu de 36,2 (controle) para 26,9 Mg/ha (maior dose), mas aumentou as concentrações de Ca e diminuiu as concentrações de Al. O resíduo alcalino (rico em Ca) melhorou as propriedades químicas do solo na superfície e subsuperfície, diminuiu o crescimento de ervas daninhas e melhorou a nutrição das árvores, mas provavelmente não aumentou a produtividade das árvores devido à deficiência de Mg.Abstract: There is a lack of long-term information on the use of industry forest residues in Pinus taeda L plantations for purposes of enhancing sustainability. The study goal was to evaluate tree growth and nutrition, soil chemical properties, litter accumulation, and weed occurrence in a Pinus taeda L. system amended with alkaline residues from recycled paper. Residue was broadcasted at planting using different rates (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-¹) on a sandy soil with low fertility. Tree diameter and height along with soil chemical properties were monitored for 15 years. At 15 years, tree growth and samples of litter, weed, and soil were collected for evaluation. Over 15 years of monitoring, no change in tree growth or final yield were observed despite increased Ca and reduced Mn foliar tissue concentrations. Low Mg concentration in needles, combined with the occurrence of symptoms resembling Mg deficiency, suggest that this nutrient could be a limiting factor in tree response. There was a reduction in weed mass with residue application. Residue amendment increased soil Ca and attenuated acidity down to a depth of 60 cm after 15 years; the maximum residue effect on soil properties was observed proximally at 13 years. Litter decreased from 36.2 (control) to 26.9 Mg/ha (highest rate) but increased Ca and diminished Al concentrations. The alkaline residue (rich in Ca) improved soil chemical properties at the surface and subsurface, decreased weed growth, and enhanced tree nutrition, but probably failed to increase tree yield due to a Mg deficiency

Phyllochron, and root system development of six strawberry cultivars with different photoperiodic flowering responses

Bare-root strawberry plants produced in Patagonia accumulate more reserves in the main crown, which allows their immediate development after transplantation. Due to the dependence on these bare-root plants, Brazilian producers use early cultivars, which start the leaves emission and the flower buds differentiation in advance, since these bare-root plants do not always arrive within the estimated time for planting in southern Brazil. The objective of the work was to investigate whether six strawberry cultivars, produced in a greenhouse, differ in their phyllochron, and root system development. Six cultivars were tested, arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications. Bare-root plants were cultivated in soil in a greenhouse. The phyllochron was evaluated by counting the number of leaves, weekly, from the beginning of leaf emission (from the main crown) until the appearance of the first fruit. The roots were digitized by a scanner and the images analyzed by the WinRHIZO® software. ‘Camarosa’ cultivar was considered the earliest to start fruiting, as it had the lowest phyllochron value (69.93ºC day-1 leaf-1), while the cultivar ‘San Andreas’ was the latest (166.67ºC day-1 leaf-1). ‘Albion’ and ‘Aromas’ presented the highest total root length in relation to the other cultivars. In conclusion, the six strawberry cultivars analyzed in this study, with different photoperiodic classifications regarding flowering, differ in relation to their morphophenological performance. In the growing conditions of southern Brazil, phyllochron study indicates that ‘Camarosa’ cultivar is the earliest and ‘San Andreas’ cultivar is the latest. ‘Albion’ and ‘Aromas’ cultivars are more compact plants, with greater potential for the development of the root system

Water retention of substrates potentiates the quality of lettuce seedlings

A difficulty in the production of lettuce seedlings in containers is to assure the production of shoot biomass with limited portion of roots, restricted to a small volume of substrate. Therefore, we investigate if substrates associated to lettuce cultivars interfere in the seedling quality. The treatments, outlined in a two-factorial scheme, were two cultivars of lettuce and four substrates, arranged in a randomized complete block design, with three replications. The results showed that seedlings produced in the substrate with higher water retention capacity had higher performance in relation to shoot morphology and root system morphology. In conclusion, the data show that the seedlings quality of lettuce cultivars associate with the types of substrates studied and that seedlings produced in substrate with higher water retention have better quality

Micorrhizal biotechnology as an alternative to potentialize the strawberry quality

The need to develop and use biotechnology tools to improve management and nutritional techniques in strawberry cultivation are increasing. Based on this, the objective of this study was to test if the mycorrhizal inoculation changes the agronomic and qualitative performance of strawberry fruits. The strawberry daughters plants used were of the cultivar Camarosa. The study was carried out in an agricultural greenhouse, Horticulture Sector of the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (FAMV) of UPF, in the city of Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The experiment was developed and maintained from June to December 2015. The treatments consisted of five inoculum: T1 = no inoculum (control); T2 = Acaulospora morrowiae; T3 = Rhizophagus clarus; T4 = mycorrhizal community; T5 = Claroideoglomus etunicatum. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates. Each plot consisted of a bag containing 6 plants spaced 0.15 mx 0.15 m. In the pits of the plants, it was applied, with the aid of syringe and water, about 70 infective propagules of the tested inocula. During the conduction of the experiment the temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were monitored in the culture environment. It was evaluated the agronomic and qualitative performance of the fruits and the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization of the plants roots. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the differences between means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability error. The cultivar Camarosa produced more fruits in October. In September, the month before the one with the best agronomic performance, the mean temperature was 17.7 ºC. The mean PAR recorded in the growing environment was low in relation to crop requirements, throughout the growing period. Fruits produced by plants inoculated with A. morrowiae presented higher values of TSS/TTA ratio in September and October. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization varied from 26.2% for A. morrowiae to 46.2% for R. clarus. The inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi does not alter the production of strawberry fruits. However, when the plants are inoculated with A. morrowiae there is an improvement in the fruit flavor

Long-term effect of waste use of soil, litter, weeds and development and nutrition of Pinus taeda L.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Vargas MottaCoorientador: Dr. Shizuo MaedaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. Defesa : Curitiba, 19/01/2023Inclui referências: p. 38-47Resumo: Existem poucas informações sobre o uso de resíduos florestais da indústria nas plantações de Pinus taeda L em longo prazo visando o aumento da sustentabilidade do sistema. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o crescimento e nutrição das árvores, propriedades químicas do solo, acúmulo de serapilheira e ocorrência de plantas daninhas em um sistema de Pinus taeda L. corrigido com resíduo alcalinos de papel reciclado. O resíduo foi espalhado no plantio com diferentes doses (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 t ha-¹) em solo arenoso e de baixa fertilidade. O diâmetro e a altura das árvores juntamente com as propriedades químicas do solo foram monitoradas por 15 anos. Aos 15 anos, o crescimento das árvores e amostras de serapilheira, plantas daninhas e solo foram coletadas para avaliação. Ao longo de 15 anos de monitoramento, nenhuma mudança no crescimento das árvores ou no rendimento final foi observada, apesar do aumento das concentrações de Ca e da redução de Mn no tecido foliar. A baixa concentração de Mg nas acículas, combinada com a ocorrência de sintomas semelhantes à deficiência de Mg, sugere que este nutriente pode ser um fator limitante na resposta das árvores. Houve redução da massa de plantas daninhas com a aplicação do resíduo. A correção de resíduos aumentou o Ca do solo e atenuou a acidez até a profundidade de 60 cm após 15 anos; o efeito residual máximo nas propriedades do solo foi observado aproximadamente aos 13 anos. A serapilheira diminuiu de 36,2 (controle) para 26,9 Mg/ha (maior dose), mas aumentou as concentrações de Ca e diminuiu as concentrações de Al. O resíduo alcalino (rico em Ca) melhorou as propriedades químicas do solo na superfície e subsuperfície, diminuiu o crescimento de ervas daninhas e melhorou a nutrição das árvores, mas provavelmente não aumentou a produtividade das árvores devido à deficiência de Mg.Abstract: There is a lack of long-term information on the use of industry forest residues in Pinus taeda L plantations for purposes of enhancing sustainability. The study goal was to evaluate tree growth and nutrition, soil chemical properties, litter accumulation, and weed occurrence in a Pinus taeda L. system amended with alkaline residues from recycled paper. Residue was broadcasted at planting using different rates (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-¹) on a sandy soil with low fertility. Tree diameter and height along with soil chemical properties were monitored for 15 years. At 15 years, tree growth and samples of litter, weed, and soil were collected for evaluation. Over 15 years of monitoring, no change in tree growth or final yield were observed despite increased Ca and reduced Mn foliar tissue concentrations. Low Mg concentration in needles, combined with the occurrence of symptoms resembling Mg deficiency, suggest that this nutrient could be a limiting factor in tree response. There was a reduction in weed mass with residue application. Residue amendment increased soil Ca and attenuated acidity down to a depth of 60 cm after 15 years; the maximum residue effect on soil properties was observed proximally at 13 years. Litter decreased from 36.2 (control) to 26.9 Mg/ha (highest rate) but increased Ca and diminished Al concentrations. The alkaline residue (rich in Ca) improved soil chemical properties at the surface and subsurface, decreased weed growth, and enhanced tree nutrition, but probably failed to increase tree yield due to a Mg deficiency

Mycorrhizal Biotechnology Reduce Phosphorus in the Nutrient Solution of Strawberry Soilless Cultivation Systems

Among the bio-tools that contribute to making the strawberry production system more sustainable are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which can be used as biofertilizers. Thus, five doses of phosphorus (P) applied to plants with AMF and a control (100% P, no AMF) were analyzed in order to differentiate the horticultural potential of the ‘Camarosa’ cultivar. We used an on-farm inoculant made up of six fungal species. The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the addition of AMF to the growing substrate made it possible to reduce the P supply in the nutrient solution by 75% without compromising the fruit yield. In addition, this combination improved the phytochemical quality of strawberries, the plant’s root system morphology, and the accumulation of nutrients in plant organs (roots, crowns, aerial part and fruits). We conclude that the use of a multi-species on-farm inoculant based on AMF associated with a reduction in the P supply in the nutrient solution modifies the horticultural potential of the ‘Camarosa’ cultivar. We confirmed the action of a native AMF community as a biofertilizer

VEGETATIVE STAGE OF STRAWBERRY DURATION DETERMINED BY THE CROP YEAR

ABSTRACT Over the years, strawberry growth has shown alterations in its phenology, involving mainly the beginning of flowering and fruiting. The aim of this study was to verify whether the growth years influence the duration of strawberry vegetative and reproductive stages in protected environment. The development of the Camarosa strawberry cultivar was observed between 2007 and 2014. The crops were settled in a greenhouse in the Horticulture Sector at the University of Passo Fundo, RS. Data like transplant date, in the beginning and end of the fruits harvest; temperature data (maximum, average and minimum) were recorded in the growth environment. These data were used for the thermal sum calculation (daily, accumulated). The data analyses were carried out in a descriptive manner, relating the temperature data with the phenological stage of each year. The accumulated thermal sum that is necessary to begin the harvest was variable throughout the years, where it was between 383 and 438 degrees days-1 for plants with interval between transplant and harvest of 73 days (2008 and 2009) at 816 degrees days-1, where the interval was 111 days (in 2014). In the first case, it accumulated 5.2 ºC/day, in 2008 and 6 ºC/day, in 2009. In the second case, it was 7.3 ºC/day, in 2014. Seedlings which were transplanted in the first fortnight of May began fruiting in the beginning of August and September. Seedlings transplanted in July 2011 and 2012 began fruiting in similar periods, that is, in the first and second fortnight of September. It was found that, because of the temperatures recorded in different periods of growth and transplant time, there is alteration mainly in the strawberry vegetative stage

VEGETATIVE STAGE OF STRAWBERRY DURATION DETERMINED BY THE CROP YEAR

<div><p>ABSTRACT Over the years, strawberry growth has shown alterations in its phenology, involving mainly the beginning of flowering and fruiting. The aim of this study was to verify whether the growth years influence the duration of strawberry vegetative and reproductive stages in protected environment. The development of the Camarosa strawberry cultivar was observed between 2007 and 2014. The crops were settled in a greenhouse in the Horticulture Sector at the University of Passo Fundo, RS. Data like transplant date, in the beginning and end of the fruits harvest; temperature data (maximum, average and minimum) were recorded in the growth environment. These data were used for the thermal sum calculation (daily, accumulated). The data analyses were carried out in a descriptive manner, relating the temperature data with the phenological stage of each year. The accumulated thermal sum that is necessary to begin the harvest was variable throughout the years, where it was between 383 and 438 degrees days-1 for plants with interval between transplant and harvest of 73 days (2008 and 2009) at 816 degrees days-1, where the interval was 111 days (in 2014). In the first case, it accumulated 5.2 ºC/day, in 2008 and 6 ºC/day, in 2009. In the second case, it was 7.3 ºC/day, in 2014. Seedlings which were transplanted in the first fortnight of May began fruiting in the beginning of August and September. Seedlings transplanted in July 2011 and 2012 began fruiting in similar periods, that is, in the first and second fortnight of September. It was found that, because of the temperatures recorded in different periods of growth and transplant time, there is alteration mainly in the strawberry vegetative stage.</p></div