Local measurements of velocity fluctuations and diffusion coefficients for a granular material flow

Measurements were made of two components of the average and fluctuating velocities, and of the local self-diffusion coefficients in a flow of granular material. The experiments were performed in a 1 m-high vertical channel with roughened sidewalls and with polished glass plates at the front and the back to create a two-dimensional flow. The particles used were glass spheres with a nominal diameter of 3 mm. The flows were high density and were characterized by the presence of long-duration frictional contacts between particles. The velocity measurements indicated that the flows consisted of a central uniform regime and a shear regime close to the walls. The fluctuating velocities in the transverse direction increased in magnitude from the centre towards the walls. A similar variation was not observed for the streamwise fluctuations. The self-diffusion coefficients showed a significant dependence on the fluctuating velocities and the shear rate. The velocity fluctuations were highly anistropic with the streamwise components being 2 to 2.5 times the transverse components. The self-diffusion coefficients for the streamwise direction were an order-of-magnitude higher than those for the transverse direction. The surface roughness of the particles led to a decrease in the self-diffusion coefficients

Utilization of liquid medium for rapid micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

Liquid shoot culture of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in MS medium containing BAP (1.5 mg/l) and IAA (0.5 mg/l) was developed and evaluated in relation to shoot multiplication, on average 37 new shoots per explants were obtained within 3 week. Shoot lets were regenerated from nodal explants of stevia through axillary shoot proliferation. For rooting different concentrations of IAA, IBA and NAA were used and highest rooting percentage (63%) was recorded on MS medium with IAA (1.0 mg/l). The rooted plantlets were hardened and successfully established

Ethyl 4-(dimethyl­amino)benzoate

Mol­ecules of the title compound, C11H15NO2, are essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.035 Å) and are linked into a chain along the a axis by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Studies on ethnomedicinal plants used by the Malayali tribe of Kalrayan Hill, Tamil Nadu state

An ethnomedicinal plants survey was carried out to collect the information about themedicinal plants found in kalrayan hill and used by the native malayali tribe of SouthernEastern Ghats of India. 80 plant species, belonging to 41 families, which are used intraditional health care system are described under this study. The studies also attempted tofind out the medicines prepared out of these medicinal plants, forms of medicine and theircorresponding ailments. In this communication, the information obtained from the tribalswas compared with the already existing literatures on ethnobotany of India. The documentedethnomedicinal plants were mostly used to cure skin diseases, wounds and rheumatism. Themedicinal plants used by the tribals are arranged alphabetically, and followed by theirbotanical name, family name, common names, vernacular name(s), part(s) used, mode ofpreparation and their corresponding diseases

Improved Micropropagation Method for the Enhancement of Biomass in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

Incorporation of a range of higher concentrations of CuSO4_5H2O in MS medium significantly enhanced direct shoot bud induction and proliferation from cultured leaf and nodal explants taken from mature plants of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Shoot bud induction medium was supplemented with BAP (2.2 µM) and NAA (2.8 µM). When the concentration of CuSO4_5H2O in the induction medium was raised to 0.5 µM (five times the MS level, i.e. 0.1 µM) there was significant increase in percentage response along with increase in shoot bud number per explant. The shoots were healthy, well developed with dark green broader leaves. There was remarkable increase in total biomass at increased (0.5 µM) copper level in the medium. During proliferation stage also presence of high copper levels in the medium favoured increase in shoots bud number per explant

Isozyme studies of resistant and susceptible clones of Saccharum officinarum L. to fungal diseases

Sugarcane is one of the important commercial crops of India and it plays an important role in maintaining the economy of the nation. Many diseases of sugarcane lead to loss of net productivity of sugar and by growing resistant varieties the loss can be reduced to considerable amount. Hence, in this study an attempt has been made to identify a resistant clone through isoenzyme analysis. Three resistant (Bo-91, Co-86249, Co-93009) and three susceptible (CoC-671, CoC-86032, CoC-92061) clones of Saccharum officianarum L. were selected for the study. In native-PAGE analysis (for peroxidase) distinct bands with Rf value 0.537 and 0.694 were observed in resistant clones, and the susceptible clones lack these bands.  An increase in peroxidase activity is also observed in clones that possessed the distinct Rf values 0.537 and 0.694. From this, it can be concluded that the clones possessing distinct Rf values are resistants when compared to other clones as they are having high peroxidase action

Review on cage and pen culture

The paper deals with the various aspects of work done on cage and pen culture in India and abroad The need for these types of culture techniques in India is pointed out, The history of these systems is traced and the various species of fishes used in cage and pen culture are pointed out. Since clams, windowpane oyster, edible oyster, prawns and milk fish are compatible species, they are ideal for culturing together. The different factors governing the success of intensive culture are presented, The kinds of cages and pens installed are discussed with a note on their durability with reference to the materials used for construction The yield achieved in cage and pen culture and the advantages of these two systems are reported. The field problems in these culture methods are indicated. The economics of fish production, particularly the net profit in selected studies are pointed out for taking up these programmes in mass level

Scope of chanos farming

Among the cultivable waters in India, a total of 1.7 million ha is brackish in nature . Brackish water is more fertile and productive than sea water. It is dynamic, influenced by the tid es, currents and waves, Estuaries were mainly useful for fish capture . Since estuaries are found to be the feeding and breeding places for many of the fishes, their importance is more felt now in view of the fisheries development

Scope for Mussel Farming in Brackish Waters

The present study was carried out by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute in two coastal districts of Maharashtra with the main objectives ' i) to estimate the returns to capital and labour and ii) to compare employment pattern on mechanised boats and country crafts fitted with OBE. The present report mainly deals with the first objective of the stud